Influence of different fixation protocols on the preservation and dimensions of cardiac tissue

Abstract

Recent extensive progress in invasive cardiac procedures has triggered a wave of dozens of heart morphometric anatomical studies that are carried out largely using autopsied samples fixed in formaldehyde solution prior to observations and measurements. In reality, very little is known about changes in heart tissue dimensions during fixation. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate how fixation affects the dimensions of cardiac tissue, and if different types and concentrations of reagents affect this phenomenon. A total of 40 pig heart samples were investigated, and seven different measuring sites were permanently marked in every heart prior to fixation. Four study groups (n = 10 each) were assembled that differed only in concentration and the type of fixative: (i) 2% formaldehyde solution; (ii) 4% formaldehyde solution (formalin); (iii) 10% formaldehyde solution; (iv) alcoholic formalin. The samples were measured before and after fixation at the following time points: 24 h, 72 h and 168 h. It was found that different fixatives significantly affected different parameters. Almost all of the heart dimensions that were measured stabilized after 24 h; later changes were statistically insignificant in the point-to-point comparison. Change in the length of the interatrial septum surface was not altered significantly in any of the fixatives after 24 h of preservation. It was found that 10% formaldehyde increased the thickness of muscular tissue only after 24 h; this thickening was reduced after 72 h and was insignificant at 168 h. Other heart parameters in this group do not present significant changes over the entire fixation time duration. In conclusion, the 10% formaldehyde phosphate-buffered solution appeared to be the best fixative among the fixatives that were studied for cardiac morphometric purposes; this solution caused the smallest changes in tissue dimensions. Measurements should be obtained at least after 1 week of preservation when most parameters exhibit the smallest changes compared with the non-preserved samples.

Variations and angulation of the coronary sinus tributaries: Implications for left ventricular pacing

“…First, the main limitation of this study was the use of formaldehyde‐fixed postmortem specimens, which might give a bias in the measurements. However, previous studies have shown that the measurements after fixation in 10% paraformaldehyde, especially those associated with the vessel diameters and angle dimensions, are similar to those before fixation and can be considered nonsignificant . Nevertheless, reported in this study dimensions of the coronary veins’ ostia may be considered to be lower when compared to everyday clinical practice.…”

A Comparative Study of Fixatives for Axolotl Blastema Tissue

“…Although high quality immunestaining results are acquired, our data suggest that NBF is not a proper fixative for histological analysis of blastema tissue. Alcoholic formalin is especially appropriate for fixation of polysaccharides (Hoda et al, 2016). According to our results, integrity of blastema tissues is maintained by its usage in histological analysis.…”

Blood Vessels and Myocardial Thickness within the Left Atrial Appendage Isthmus Line

“…The main limitation is that all measurements and observations were made on autopsied heart specimens after paraformaldehyde fixation, which could affect tissue size. However, previous studies have shown that 10% paraformaldehyde does not cause atrial tissue dimensions to differ significantly from those before fixation (Hołda et al, ). Another limitation is that we are unable to draw conclusions about the behavior and dimension changes of the studied area within the cardiac cycle.…”