Influence of Diet and Tobacco Smoking on Pancreatic Cancer Incidence in Poland in 1960–2008

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between pancreatic cancer incidence and selected dietary factors, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking in Poland in 1960–2008. Data on pancreatic cancer morbidity were derived from the National Cancer Registry and on food consumption from the national food balance sheets. In 1960–1989 correlations were found between pancreatic cancer incidence rates and energy (0.60 for males and 0.57 for females), cholesterol (0.87 and 0.80), fibre (−0.84 and −0.89) and folate (−0.45 and −0.49) intake, the consumption of total fats (0.94 and 0.91), animal fats (0,90 and 0,82), sugar (0.88 and 0.87), cereals (−0.93 and −0.91), and alcohol (0.86 and 0.82). In 1990–2008 morbidity correlated with the consumption of red meat (0.67 and 0.48), poultry (−0.88 and −0.57), and fruit (−0.62 and −0.50). Correlation with tobacco smoking was observed in the whole studied period (0.55 and 0.44). Increased incidence of pancreatic cancer in 1960–1995 was probably related to adverse dietary patterns up to 1989, especially high consumption of fats, sugar, and alcohol. Further positive changes in the diet such as lowering red meat consumption and increasing fruit consumption could influence incidence reduction in recent years. Also changes in tobacco smoking could affect the morbidity.

Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer

“…plays a role in the development of pancreatic cancer[25,26]. In addition, the highest rates for pancreatic cancer mortality in eastern European countries suggested that other factors (including prevalence of diabetes, obesity, alcohol use) could influence the mortality of pancreatic cancer[27]. …”

“…However, the recent increasing trends in some countries in the European Union suggest that other factors (including mainly obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, and dietary factors), besides smoking, may have influenced the pancreatic cancer mortality[20,22,31,33]. In recent years, people in developing countries adopt lifestyles and behaviors that are typical for developed countries, such as cigarette smoking, higher consumption of saturated fat and calorie-rich foods, and reduced physical activity[25,27,34]. Besides, the trends might be due to disparities in socioeconomic circumstances between high- and low-income areas.…”

“…Besides, the trends might be due to disparities in socioeconomic circumstances between high- and low-income areas. Improved diagnostic and death certification of the disease might also partially explain the observed figures, at least part of the recent trends in some countries of Southern, Central and Eastern Europe[18,27,31]. It is unlikely, however, that progress in the treatment of pancreatic cancer could have a significant impact on mortality trends, also given the negligible changes in survival over the last decades[19,22,23,35].…”

Knowledge Attitude and Practice about Water-Pipe Smoking among Saudi Population

“…Also in Aoun et al study, they said the main risk factors of lung cancer among Lebanese women are use of heating fuel and cigarette smoking [32]. Pancreatic cancer is a rapidly fatal disease; it's associated with tobacco smoking [33]. In Hosseini M et al study, he reports that shisha smoking is one of the risk factors for prostate cancer [34].…”

Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a marker or a risk factor for pancreatic cancer?

“…Among the unchangeable factors are: age, sex, ethnicity, blood group 0 (I), diabetes mellitus (DM), hereditary predisposition, genetic disorders. The risk factors that can be corrected are obesity, smoking, alcohol abuse, chronic pancreatitis, Helicobacter pylori infection [4,5].…”