Influence of Demography, Land Use, and Urban Form on West Nile Virus Risk and Human West Nile Virus Incidence in Ottawa, Canada

Talbot, Benoit; Ardis, Mark; Kulkarni, Manisha A.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2018.2366

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The high seroprevalence (11.1%) in the city of Leipzig compared to the neighboring counties of Northern Saxony (4.4%) and Leipzig (3.5%) may be explained by an increased risk of virus transmission in the urban environment. Studies in the USA and Canada have associated urban landforms and demographic factors such as population density and urbanization with an increased risk of WNV infection in humans [85,86]. Conversely, no clear positive association between urbanization and WNV infections has been identified in Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Equine West Nile Virus Infections in Eastern Germany, 2020

Ganzenberg

Sieg

Ziegler

et al. 2022

Viruses

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West Nile virus (WNV) infections were first detected in Germany in 2018, but information about WNV seroprevalence in horses is limited. The study’s overall goal was to gather information that would help veterinarians, horse owners, and veterinary-, and public health- authorities understand the spread of WNV in Germany and direct protective measures. For this purpose, WNV seroprevalence was determined in counties with and without previously registered WNV infections in horses, and risk factors for seropositivity were estimated. The cohort consisted of privately owned horses from nine counties in Eastern Germany. A total of 940 serum samples was tested by competitive panflavivirus ELISA (cELISA), and reactive samples were further tested by WNV IgM capture ELISA and confirmed by virus neutralization test (VNT). Information about potential risk factors was recorded by questionnaire and analyzed by logistic regression. A total of 106 serum samples showed antibodies against flaviviruses by cELISA, of which six tested positive for WNV IgM. The VNT verified a WNV infection for 54 samples (50.9%), while 35 sera neutralized tick-borne encephalitis virus (33.0%), and eight sera neutralized Usutu virus (7.5%). Hence, seroprevalence for WNV infection was 5.8% on average and was significantly higher in counties with previously registered infections (p = 0.005). The risk factor analysis showed breed type (pony), housing in counties with previously registered infections, housing type (24 h turn-out), and presence of outdoor shelter as the main significant risk factors for seropositivity. In conclusion, we estimated the extent of WNV infection in the resident horse population in Eastern Germany and showed that seroprevalence was higher in counties with previously registered equine WNV infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Equine West Nile Virus Infections in Eastern Germany, 2020

Ganzenberg

Sieg

Ziegler

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…Despite this, occurrence of WNND was the best available indicator of circulation intensity in people, since there was no organic and standardized system for WNV fever diagnosis. The timing and location of WNND cases are random due to the low rate of WNND cases in infected persons (<1%), the complexity in defining a certain site of patient infection and has human density as one of the main determinants (36), in a particular area. Despite this, we were able to find a clear relationship between the rate of positive mosquitoes and human cases, highlighting the surveillance ability to assess the intensity of virus circulation in a given area at an early stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced West Nile Virus Circulation in the Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy Regions (Northern Italy) in 2018 Detected by Entomological Surveillance

et al. 2020

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With several human cases reported annually since 2008 and the unapparent risk of infection of blood donors, the West Nile virus (WNV) is emerging as an important health issue in Europe. Italy, as well as other European countries, experienced a recrudescence of the virus circulation in 2018, which led to an increased number of human cases. An integrated surveillance plan was activated in the Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy regions (Northern Italy) since 2008 in order to monitor the intensity and timing of WNV circulation. A fundamental part of this plan consists in entomological surveillance. In 2018, the surveillance plan made it possible to collect 385,293 mosquitoes in 163 stations in the two Regions. In total 269,147 Culex mosquitoes were grouped into 2,337 pools and tested for WNV, which was detected in 232 pools. Circulation started in the central part of the Emilia-Romagna region in the middle of June, about one month before the previous seasons. Circulation suddenly expanded to the rest of the region and reached the Lombardy region in the middle of July. WNV circulated more intensively in the eastern part of the surveyed area, as confirmed by the highest number of human cases. A relationship between the number of mosquitoes collected and the virus incidence emerged, but the data obtained highlighted that the probability of detecting the virus in a given site was less than expected with a higher number of collected mosquitoes. A significant relationship was observed between the temperature recorded one week before the sampling and the number of collected mosquitoes, as well as between the estimated number of WNV-positive mosquitoes and the temperature recorded two weeks before the sampling. The two weeks delay in the influence of temperature on the positive mosquitoes is in line with the time of the virus extrinsic incubation in the mosquito. This finding confirms that Calzolari et al. Italian WNV Enhanced Circulation (2018) temperature is one of the principal drivers in WNV mosquito infection. The surveillance system demonstrated the ability to detect the virus circulation early, particularly in areas where circulation was more intense. This allowed evaluating the effect of mosquito abundance and weather factors on virus circulation.

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“…pipiens populations and synanthropic avian hosts. Increased risk due to urbanization has also been found in other regions [ 55 , 119 ]. The link between infection and urban environment can be explained by the fact that in the urban WNV cycle, mosquitoes gravitate towards residential buildings, built-up areas, and areas with moderate vegetation [ 55 , 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Spatial patterns of West Nile virus distribution in the Volgograd region of Russia, a territory with long-existing foci

et al. 2022

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Southern Russia remains affected by West Nile virus (WNV). In the current study, we identified the spatial determinants of WNV distribution in an area with endemic virus transmission, with special reference to the urban settings, by mapping probable points of human infection acquisition and points of virus detection in mosquitoes, ticks, birds, and mammals during 1999–2016. The suitability of thermal conditions for extrinsic virus replication was assessed based on the approach of degree-day summation and their changes were estimated by linear trend analysis. A generalized linear model was used to analyze the year-to-year variation of human cases versus thermal conditions. Environmental suitability was determined by ecological niche modelling using MaxEnt software. Human population density was used as an offset to correct for possible bias. Spatial analysis of virus detection in the environment showed significant contributions from surface temperature, altitude, and distance from water bodies. When indicators of location and mobility of the human population were included, the relative impact of factors changed, with roads becoming most important. When the points of probable human case infection were added, the percentage of leading factors changed only slightly. The urban environment significantly increased the epidemic potential of the territory and created quite favorable conditions for virus circulation. The private building sector with low-storey houses and garden plots located in the suburbs provided a connection between urban and rural transmission cycles.

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Influence of Demography, Land Use, and Urban Form on West Nile Virus Risk and Human West Nile Virus Incidence in Ottawa, Canada

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Equine West Nile Virus Infections in Eastern Germany, 2020

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Equine West Nile Virus Infections in Eastern Germany, 2020

Enhanced West Nile Virus Circulation in the Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy Regions (Northern Italy) in 2018 Detected by Entomological Surveillance

Spatial patterns of West Nile virus distribution in the Volgograd region of Russia, a territory with long-existing foci

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