Influence of delivery and feeding mode in oral fungi colonization – a systematic review

Abstract

Postnatal acquisition of microorganisms from maternal and environmental sources contributes to the child microbiome development. Several studies showed that the mode of delivery and breastfeeding may have impact on the oral bacterial colonization, however, the influence on oral fungal colonization is still unknown. We performed a systematic literature review on mother to child oral fungi transmission, namely regarding the association between the mode of delivery and breastfeeding in oral yeast colonization. Our analysis revealed no significant differences between the oral mycobiome of breastfed and bottle-fed children. As for the delivery mode, the majority of studies found a relation between fungal colonization and vaginal delivery. Candida albicans was the most commonly isolated fungi species. Our analysis suggests that maternal breastfeeding does not seem to influence oral mycology, but vaginal delivery appears to promote oral yeast colonization in early life.

The role of gut mycobiome in health and diseases

“… 104 – 106 Azevedo et al. 107 found that delivery mode might be associated with a higher carriage of oral fungi at a young age. Ward et al 108 highlighted that the mode of birth likely influence the fungal composition of the infant.…”

Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota

“…178,179 A recent systematic review on this topic concludes that vaginal delivery appears to promote oral yeast colonization in early life, and that there is no difference between breastfed and bottle-fed infants. 180 During the first year of life, the oral cavity of 15% of 100 Swedish infants was colonized by Candida and its colonization at the age of 6 months correlated negatively with the concentration of lactoferrin in breast milk. 181 Based on a traditional culture approach, C. albicans and Candida parapsilosis have been identified as the most prevalent Candida species in infants 114 and in older children.…”

“…Infants delivered vaginally to mothers with vaginal colonization by Candida had a higher prevalence of oral Candida than infants delivered by Cesarian section or infants delivered vaginally to mothers without vaginal Candida colonization 178,179 . A recent systematic review on this topic concludes that vaginal delivery appears to promote oral yeast colonization in early life, and that there is no difference between breastfed and bottle‐fed infants 180 . During the first year of life, the oral cavity of 15% of 100 Swedish infants was colonized by Candida and its colonization at the age of 6 months correlated negatively with the concentration of lactoferrin in breast milk 181 …”

Maternal microbiome in preeclampsia pathophysiology and implications on offspring health

“…Health outcomes in offspring are suggested to vary depending on the mode by which they were delivered. Vaginal birth, breastfeeding, and early childhood exposure to various microbes are some of the ways reported to set a child 8 of 19 | ISHIMWE up for a more symbiotic and protective microbiome (Azevedo et al, 2020;Funkhouser & Bordenstein, 2013;Schei et al, 2017;Shao et al, 2019;Van Nimwegen et al, 2011). The effect of the maternal gut microbiome on the offspring persist longer than those from exposure to vaginal and skin microbiome (Ferretti et al, 2018).…”

“…The role of other microbes such as viruses and fungi is much less understood even though they are well known to be pathobionts in various infectious and inflammatory diseases. With recent methodological advancements, emerging reports are broadening our understanding of the microbiome by recognizing the potential contribution of other microbes other than bacteria including the virome and mycobiome (Azevedo et al, 2020; Li, Li, et al, 2019; Maqsood et al, 2019; Scarpellini et al, 2015; Vemuri et al, 2020). For example, the gut virome is altered in hypertensive patients and differentiated between normotensive and hypertensive phenotypes better than gut bacteria (Han et al, 2018).…”