Influence of COVID-19 on the sustainability of livestock performance and welfare on a global scale

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently spreading worldwide. The pandemic has already had significant adverse effects on human civilization, the environment, and the ecosystem at national and global levels. Moreover, the various sectors of the food production chain, particularly agriculture and livestock, have also been significantly affected in terms of production sustainability and economic losses. The global pandemic has already resulted in a sharp drop in meat, milk, and egg production. Restrictions of movement at national and international levels, implemented as a part of control strategies by public health sectors, have negatively impacted business related to the supply of raw materials for livestock farmers and farm outputs, veterinary services, farmworkers, and animal welfare. This review highlights the significant impacts of COVID-19 on the sustainability of livestock performance, welfare on a global scale, and strategies for mitigating these adverse effects.

Impact of COVID-19 on poultry market in Bangladesh

“…Agricultural production in Bangladesh, particularly poultry industry, has been negatively affected by a newly emerged severe acute respiratory diseases-2 (SARS-CoV-2) called the Coronavirus Disease-19 (Shortly, COVID-19) which caused a pandemic effect all over the world for the past two years [ 19 ]. Although scientists and authorities have tried to control the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation is still critical due to several global control strategy challenges.…”

“…Burgeoning studies have assessed the impact of COVID-19 on crop, fish and livestock market [ 1 , 19 , 22 , 25 , 28 , [33] , [34] , [35] ]. Some global research pertinent to COVID-19 and the poultry sector were discovered from the following countries: India [ 22 , 23 ], Canada [ 32 , 36 ], China [ 32 ], Nigeria [ 26 ], Iran [ 37 ], Kuwait [ 31 ], England, Italy, Brazil, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Egypt [ 28 ], Mayanmar [ 27 ], USA [ 28 , 34 ], and Poland [ 38 ].…”

Increase in the Immune Response in Balb/c Mice after the Co-Administration of a Vector-Based COVID-19 Vaccine with Cytosine Phosphoguanine Oligodeoxynucleotide

“…The health and economic burden caused by this pandemic therefore calls for an urgent launch of effective measures against SARS- CoV-2 [ 2 ], with the aim of ending the pandemic, or reducing its intensity on the economy and disease severity in the populations [ 3 , 4 ]. The spike protein has been demonstrated to be the most effective SARS-CoV-2 antigen and is thought to be the crucial target for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines [ 5 , 6 ]. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is a strategy for preventing and ending the pandemic where different vaccine technologies have been developed such as inactivated vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, viral vectors (adenovirus) vaccines, DNA vaccines, and mRNA vaccines [ 5 ].…”

“…The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is a strategy for preventing and ending the pandemic where different vaccine technologies have been developed such as inactivated vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, viral vectors (adenovirus) vaccines, DNA vaccines, and mRNA vaccines [ 5 ]. Adenovirus-vector-based vaccines elicit powerful immunological responses due to the presence of viral proteins and the stimulation of an innate immune response [ 6 ].…”

Sustainable Valorization of Tomato Pomace (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Animal Nutrition: A Review

“…In addition, the increased population will consume twice as many animal products, with pork and poultry consumption projected to grow by 105% and 173%, respectively [ 3 , 4 ], which will challenge the production of feed. On one hand, the growing population directly competes with animals for food [ 5 ]; on the other hand, the increase in the population’s demand for livestock products has led to the expansion of the scale of animal husbandry, thereby aggravating the shortage of feed resources [ 6 ]. Therefore, new feed resources must be found.…”