Influence of cooling rate during cryogenic treatment on the hierarchical microstructure and mechanical properties of M54 secondary hardening steel

Zhang, Honglin; Zhang, Guangqian; Zhou, Haichong; Liu, Zhaohui; Xu, Bin; Hao, Likai; Sun, Mingyue; Li, Dianzhong

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2022.143659

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Refined martensite sub-grains and an increased ratio of HAGBs with an increase in aging temperature were noticed, as shown in Figure 7 . Previous studies have indicated the possibility of martensite sub-structures of laths, blocks and packets serving as toughening units [ 16 , 25 , 28 ]. To identify the controlling type of sub-structure, a post mortem EBSD analysis was conducted on a cross-sectional impact fracture, as shown in Figure 12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Variations in ( a ) average misorientation and ( b ) block size of the martensite as a function of aging temperature, which were obtained based on our previous methods in [ 25 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure10. Variations in the size and inter-particle distance of NiAl precipitates as a function of aging temperature, which were obtained based on our previous methods in[25].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Toughening Mechanisms in PH13-8Mo Stainless Steel during Aging Treatment

Hao

Zhou

et al. 2023

Materials

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PH13-8Mo stainless steel has been widely used in aerospace, petroleum and marine construction, obtaining continuous investigation attention in recent years. Based on the response of a hierarchical martensite matrix and possible reversed austenite, a systematic investigation of the evolution of the toughening mechanisms in PH13-8Mo stainless steel as a function of aging temperature was carried out. It showed there was a desirable combination of high yield strength (~1.3 GPa) and V-notched impact toughness (~220 J) after aging between 540 and 550 °C. With the increase of aging temperature, the martensite matrix was recovered in terms of the refined sub-grains and higher ratio of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). It should be noted there was a reversion of martensite to form austenite films subjected to aging above 540 °C; meanwhile, the NiAl precipitates maintained a well-coherent orientation with the matrix. Based on the post mortem analysis, there were three stages of the changing main toughening mechanisms: Stage I: low-temperature aging at around 510 °C, where the HAGBs contributed to the toughness by retarding the advance of cracks; Stage II: intermediate-temperature aging at around 540 °C, where the recovered laths embedded by soft austenite facilitated the improvement of toughness by synergistically increasing the advance path and blunting the crack tips; and Stage III: without the coarsening of NiAl precipitates around 560 °C, more inter-lath reversed austenite led to the optimum toughness, relying on “soft barrier” and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Variations in ( a ) average misorientation and ( b ) block size of the martensite as a function of aging temperature, which were obtained based on our previous methods in [ 25 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Toughening Mechanisms in PH13-8Mo Stainless Steel during Aging Treatment

Hao

Zhou

et al. 2023

Materials

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“…As the aviation, aerospace, military equipment, and other fields continue to develop, their requirement for high-performance structural materials is also significantly increased. Owing to its excellent combination of strength, toughness, and fatigue properties, secondary-hardening steel has become a key material in many load-bearing components, such as aircraft landing gears and engine shafts [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cerium on Inclusion Modification in a Secondary-Hardening Steel

et al. 2023

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Owing to the continuous increasing of steel strength, mechanical properties including toughness and fatigue performance are becoming increasingly sensitive to inclusions in ultra-high strength steel. Rare-earth treatment is considered as an effective method to reduce the harmful effects of inclusions, but is rarely applied in secondary-hardening steel. In the present study, different amounts of cerium were added in a secondary-hardening steel to investigate the modification effect of Ce on non-metallic inclusions in steel. The characteristics of inclusions were observed experimentally using SEM-EDS and the modification mechanism was analyzed based on thermodynamic calculations. The results indicated that the main inclusions in Ce-free steel are Mg-Al-O + MgS. Thermodynamic calculation indicated that MgAl2O4 is firstly formed in liquid steel and then successively transformed into MgO and MgS during cooling process. When the Ce content is 0.0030%, the typical inclusions in steel were individual Ce2O2S and MgO + Ce2O2S complex inclusions. When the Ce content was increased to 0.0071%, the typical inclusions in steel were individual Ce2O2S- and Mg-containing inclusions. Ce treatment modifies the angular magnesium aluminum spinel inclusions into spherical and ellipsoidal Ce-containing inclusions, thus reducing the harmful effect of inclusion on steel properties.

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“…Their study indicates that AISI316-SS drills exhibited the best performance when treated for 24 h. G. Mazor et al [ 23 ] investigated the impact of two cooling methods on the hardness and wear resistance of various tool steels, concluding that rapid cooling resulted in improved material performance. Honglin Zhang et al [ 24 ] conducted cold treatments on M54 secondary hardening steel using different cooling rates and compared the final performances. They found that a cooling rate of 3 °C/min achieved the best performance for the material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Cryogenic Treatment Process on the Performance of 51CrV4 Steel

et al. 2023

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The working load on automotive components is continuously rising, and the mechanical performance requirements for component materials are rising along with the growth trend toward light weight and high dependability in automobiles. In this study, the response characteristics of 51CrV4 spring steel were taken to be its hardness, wear resistance, tensile strength, and impact toughness. Prior to tempering, cryogenic treatment was introduced. Through the Taguchi method and gray relational analysis, the ideal process parameters were discovered. The ideal process variables were the following: a cooling rate of 1 °C/min, a cryogenic temperature of −196 °C, a holding time of 24 h, and a cycle number of three. An analysis of variance revealed that the holding time had the greatest effect on the material properties, with an effect of 49.01%. The yield limit of 51CrV4 was increased by 14.95% and the tensile strength was increased by 15.39% with this group of processes, and the wear mass loss was reduced by 43.32%. The mechanical qualities had a thorough upgrade. Microscopic analysis revealed that cryogenic treatment resulted in refinement of the martensite structure and significant differences in orientation. Additionally, bainite precipitation occurred, exhibiting a fine needle-like distribution, which positively influenced impact toughness. Analysis of the impact fracture surface showed that cryogenic treatment led to an increase in dimple diameter and depth. Further analysis of the elements revealed that calcium (Ca) weakened the negative effect of sulfur (S) on 51CrV4 spring steel. The overall improvement in material properties provides guidance for practical production applications.

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Influence of cooling rate during cryogenic treatment on the hierarchical microstructure and mechanical properties of M54 secondary hardening steel

Cited by 12 publications

References 39 publications

Evolution of Toughening Mechanisms in PH13-8Mo Stainless Steel during Aging Treatment

Evolution of Toughening Mechanisms in PH13-8Mo Stainless Steel during Aging Treatment

Effect of Cerium on Inclusion Modification in a Secondary-Hardening Steel

Impact of Cryogenic Treatment Process on the Performance of 51CrV4 Steel

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