Influence of Competition on Performance and Pacing during Cycling Exercise

Corbett, Jo; Barwood, Martin J.; Ouzounoglou, Alex; Thelwell, Richard; Dicks, Matthew

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31823378b1

Cited by 100 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Results showed that deception trials were significantly faster and had a higher mean power output than both an accurate feedback condition and the baseline performance, suggesting that the deception of intensity based on a previous trial was beneficial to TT performance. Corbett et al [11] also used the presence of a simulated competitor, deceiving participants that it was an athlete of similar ability when it was in fact their own baseline performance, and further supported Stone et al's [12] findings. A faster time to completion and alteration in pacing strategy in a 2 km cycling TT were reported in the trial with head-to-head competition, in comparison to familiarisation and ride-alone trials.…”

Section: Continuous Visual Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Stone et al [12] and Corbett et al [11] both showed that in the final 10% and 50% of the deception trials, respectively, there was a greater contribution from anaerobic energy sources that resulted in the increases in power output and faster completion time. Alternatively, Parry et al [6] stated that a shallower rate of RPE increase, and an increase in workrate to complete the exercise sooner, resulted in an increase in power output.…”

Section: Continuous Visual Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the proposal that changes in pace due to the effects of deception may only be manifest in successive trials [9,10] , Corbett et al [11] , Stone et al [12] and Parry et al [6] all found improvements in performance in the deception trials themselves. However, these studies used a computer projected image of an avatar or video footage of a road as oppose to a digital display of time or performance variables.…”

Section: Continuous Visual Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxygen saturation, glycogen levels [7] and metabolic fuel reserves, for example, act not just as metabolic by-products, but as internal signallers [1] . On the other hand, environmental conditions such as gradient, terrain, weather, oxygen content of inspired air, knowledge of the event (for example distance or duration] [8] , previous experience [9,10] and competition [11,12] all equate to external cues [13][14][15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The manipulation of central psychological mechanisms, including the presence of a competitor [11,12] and hypnosis [34] , as well as psychological skills training [35] have been reported to improve performance by accessing this reserve. Studies that have examined the placebo effect, using inert substances believed to be ergogenic, also report that false positive beliefs elicit performance improvements [36] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological and Psychological Effects of Deception on Pacing Strategy and Performance: A Review

et al. 2013

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The aim of an optimal pacing strategy during exercise is to enhance performance whilst ensuring physiological limits are not surpassed, which has been shown to result in a metabolic reserve at the end of the exercise. There has been debate surrounding the theoretical models that have been proposed to explain how pace is regulated, with more recent research investigating a central control of exercise regulation. Deception has recently emerged as a common, practical approach to manipulate key variables during exercise. There are a number of ways in which deception interventions have been designed, each intending to gain particular insights into pacing behaviour and performance. Deception methodologies can be conceptualised according to a number of dimensions such as deception timing (prior to or during exercise); presentation frequency (blind, discontinuous or continuous); and type of deception (performance, biofeedback or environmental feedback). However research evidence on the effects of deception has been perplexing and the use of complex designs and varied methodologies makes it difficult to draw any definitive conclusions about how pacing strategy and performance are affected by deception.This review examines existing research in the area of deception and pacing strategies, and provides a critical appraisal of the different methodological approaches used to date. It is hoped that this critical analysis will inform the direction and methodology of future investigations in this area by addressing the mechanisms through which deception impacts upon performance and by elucidating the potential application of deception techniques in training and competitive settings.

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Section: Continuous Visual Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Continuous Visual Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Continuous Visual Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological and Psychological Effects of Deception on Pacing Strategy and Performance: A Review

et al. 2013

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The effect of forced even pacing and an opponent on end‐spurt behaviour in freestyle pool swimming

Neuloh,

Venhorst,

Skorski

et al. 2024

European Journal of Sport Science

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To investigate the effect of forced even pacing through virtual pacing assistance and an opponent in a competitive setting on end‐spurt behaviour in freestyle swimmers, including related physiological underpinnings. Twenty‐seven competitive swimmers and triathletes were recruited. There were four 1500 m freestyle trials: (i) familiarisation time trial, (ii) self‐paced time trial (STT), (iii) head‐to‐head competition time trial (CTT) and (iv) forced even pacing through virtual pacing assistance time trial (FET). Eventually, 12 swimmers met the criteria for the CTT and FET to be included in the analysis. Changes in end‐spurt behaviour, finishing time and physiological parameters (lactate, cortisol, noradrenaline and heart rate) were analysed using a linear mixed model with fixed effects for trials and a random effect for swimmer identity. A separate linear model was computed for competition outcome. The end‐spurt for each race was determined by means of an end‐spurt indicator (ESI; ESI > 0 greater end‐spurt). Swimmers demonstrated a significantly greater ESI in FET (+2.6; p < 0.001) and CTT (+1.4; p = 0.022) compared to STT. Blood lactate concentration in FET (+1.0 mmol L−1; p < 0.001) and CTT (+1.6 mmol L−1; p < 0.001) was significantly higher than in STT. Winners had a significantly greater ESI than losers in CTT (+1.6 and p = 0.005). Swimmers utilised a greater end‐spurt through metabolically optimal forced even pacing by virtual pacing assistance and in a head‐to‐head competition due a larger mobilisation of anaerobic reserves as indicated by greater blood lactate concentrations. Winners had a significantly greater end‐spurt than losers despite similar metabolic disturbances.

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Sex Hormones and Endurance Exercise in Women: Physiological and Psychological Factors Affecting Performance

Minahan

Sabapathy

2023

Sex Hormones, Exercise and Women

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Influence of Competition on Performance and Pacing during Cycling Exercise

Abstract: HH competition encourages participants to increase their performance. This occurs primarily via an increased anaerobic energy yield, which seems to be centrally mediated, and is consistent with the concept of a physiologic reserve.

Cited by 100 publications

References 26 publications

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Deception on Pacing Strategy and Performance: A Review

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Deception on Pacing Strategy and Performance: A Review

The effect of forced even pacing and an opponent on end‐spurt behaviour in freestyle pool swimming

Sex Hormones and Endurance Exercise in Women: Physiological and Psychological Factors Affecting Performance

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