Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder: Findings from a 5‐year longitudinal study

Hinrichs, Kristin H; Easter, Rebecca; Angers, Kaley; Pester, Bethany; Lai, Zongshan; Marshall, David F.; Kamali, Masoud; McInnis, Melvin G.; Langenecker, Scott A.; Ryan, Kelly A.

doi:10.1111/bdi.12470

Cited by 35 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…As a result, researchers have begun to look for risk and protective factors among lifestyle or demographic features which may differ between participants. These features include premorbid intelligence quotient (23), sleep disturbances (24), and more recently, variables related to cognitive reserve, such as education levels (25)(26)(27). A quantitative synthesis of these studies using methods such as meta-regression may provide important information for future studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive functions and memory in bipolar disorders I and II: new insights from meta‐analytic results

Cotrena

Branco

Ponsoni

et al. 2019

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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Executive functions and memory in bipolar disorders I and II: new insights from meta-analytic results.Objective: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of executive functions (EF) and episodic memory in bipolar disorder (BD). Methods: A literature search was conducted on three electronic databases. Results were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: A total of 126 studies (6424 patients with BDI, 702 with BDII, and 8276 controls) were included. BDI was associated with moderate to large impairments across all cognitive functions and BDII with small-tomedium impairments. Small significant differences were identified between BDI and BDII on all cognitive functions except inhibition. The Trail Making Test (TMT) (g = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.67-0.80), Hayling Test (g = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.34-0.81), Digit Span Total (g = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.57-1.01), and Category Fluency (g = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.45-0.72) tasks were most sensitive to cognitive impairment in BDI. The TMT (g = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.50-0.80) and Category Fluency (g = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37-0.75) were also sensitive to cognitive alterations in patients with BDII. Conclusion: BD type I was associated with more severe and widespread impairments than BDII, which showed smaller impairments on all functions except inhibition, where impairments were larger. Education and (hypo)manic symptoms should be further investigated in future studies due to their possible influence on the neuropsychological profile of BD. The instruments identified in this review should be considered for inclusion in cognitive assessment batteries in BD. Summations• Patients with BD type I performed worse than control subjects with moderate to large effect sizes, while patients with BD type II showed impairments with small-to-medium effect sizes. Small significant differences were identified between BD types I and II on all cognitive functions except inhibition.• Education, (hypo)mania symptom scores, and lithium use moderated cognitive impairments in BD.• The TMT B, Hayling Test B, Digit Span Total, and Category Fluency were most sensitive to cognitive impairments and to differences between cognitive performance in individuals with BD types I and II. Limitations• Small number of studies involving BD type II. • Large heterogeneity in effect sizes. • Inconsistent reporting of potential moderator variables (mood symptoms, medication use, comorbidities).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive functions and memory in bipolar disorders I and II: new insights from meta‐analytic results

Cotrena

Branco

Ponsoni

et al. 2019

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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“…Recently, large-sample studies in BD have reported that higher cognitive reserve is associated with better psychosocial functioning and cognitive performance with respect to processing speed, working memory, verbal and visual memory, and executive function. 10,11 In the present sample, the mean years of education were 11.3 + 4.1 and 9.9 + 4.1 for EOBD and LOBD, respectively. The lengths of education in our participants were similar to those of other Taiwanese samples, 2,5 although relatively shorter than those reported in Western BD populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Lewandowski et al,6 indicating particular impairments of information processing speed in aged people with BD. Recently, large-sample studies in BD have reported that higher cognitive reserve is associated with better psychosocial functioning and cognitive performance with respect to processing speed, working memory, verbal and visual memory, and executive function 10,11. Recently, large-sample studies in BD have reported that higher cognitive reserve is associated with better psychosocial functioning and cognitive performance with respect to processing speed, working memory, verbal and visual memory, and executive function 10,11.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Homocysteine, rather than age of onset, is a better predictor for cognitive function in older adults with bipolar disorder

Chen

Liu

et al. 2019

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Objectives The association between older‐age bipolar disorder and cognitive impairments may be mediated by vascular burden. The aim of the study was to examine the difference of cognitive function between older people with late‐onset bipolar disorder (LOBD) and early‐onset bipolar disorder (EOBD) by considering rigorous vascular risk burden evaluation, comprehensive cognitive tests, and relevant biochemistry data. Methods We recruited 95 outpatients aged over 55 with a DSM‐IV‐TR diagnosis of bipolar I disorder. Fifty had LOBD, defined by age of onset after 40. Cognitive function was evaluated through a battery of tests assessing verbal memory, attention/speed, visuospatial function, verbal fluency, and cognitive flexibility. Vascular risk assessments included individual disorders, 10‐year Framingham cardiovascular risk scores, and serum levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate, and triiodothyronine. Results No differences were observed between LOBD and EOBD on any cognitive test after adjusting for potential confounders. In addition to age and educational years, multiple linear regression analyses indicated significantly negative associations between serum homocysteine levels and cognitive performances in attention, psychomotor speed, verbal memory, and executive function. Conclusions Among older people with bipolar disorder, LOBD is not associated with more cognitive dysfunction in this study. However, higher serum homocysteine levels were significantly associated with worse cognitive performance in this particular group. Clinicians therefore have to pay attention to the cognitive function in older bipolar patients with higher levels of homocysteine.

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“…In a naturalistic study, Hinrichs et al 1 examined cognitive functioning across 5 years in 159 subjects with bipolar disorder and 54 healthy controls. They found that, in bipolar subjects, higher baseline intellectual ability was associated with greater 5-year cognitive stability; and lower verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) and education were associated with greater cognitive decline in specific domains.…”

Section: Dear Editorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive reserve and bipolar disorder

Andrade

2017

Bipolar Disorders

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Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder: Findings from a 5‐year longitudinal study

Cited by 35 publications

References 51 publications

Executive functions and memory in bipolar disorders I and II: new insights from meta‐analytic results

Executive functions and memory in bipolar disorders I and II: new insights from meta‐analytic results

Homocysteine, rather than age of onset, is a better predictor for cognitive function in older adults with bipolar disorder

Cognitive reserve and bipolar disorder

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