Influence of chondrodystrophy and brachycephaly on geometry of the humerus in dogs

Smith, Emily J.; Marcellin‐Little, Denis J.; Harrysson, Ola L. A.; Griffith, Emily H.

doi:10.3415/vcot-15-11-0181

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…10,13 Despite the fact that the medullary cavity diameter is used to help manage metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures and reduce complications in cats, 14 studies investigating geometric properties of the skeletal system in companion animals are very limited. [15][16][17][18] While absolute values in dogs might be of limited use due to a wide range in body size and shape, the domestic cat is well placed to benefit from both, absolute values and index ratios, as breed specific variations are less extreme.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline Skeletal Reference Guide: A Cadaveric Radiographic Measurement on Lower Limb Extremities

Choi

Pilton

Foo

et al. 2021

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Objective The aim of this study was to create a feline reference database for the length, width and slenderness (length to width ratio) of metacarpal and metatarsal bones, radius and tibia. Study Design Radiographs of the radius, tibia, metacarpus and metatarsus were performed in domestic short hair cat cadavers (n = 40). Length and width of the aforementioned bones were measured in mature domestic shorthair cats and bone slenderness (length/width) and index ratios calculated. Results A significant skeletal sex dimorphism exists in cats, with bones of the metacarpus, metatarsus, radius and tibia generally longer and wider in male cats compared with female cats, with differences frequently significant. The most significant difference was identified for the width of Mc5 (p = 0.0008) and the length and width of Mt5 (p = 0.0005). Index ratios for length and width of radius to metacarpal bones, and tibia to metatarsal bones, were not significantly different between male and female cats, except for Mc5. The index ratio for Mc5 was significantly higher in male cats (p = 0.002). Conclusion The present study provides insights into the normal length and width of distal forelimb and hind limb bones as well as bone index ratios in mature domestic shorthair cats. Using this information, it is now possible to quantitatively assess the relationship between these bones in domestic cats using radiography. This will assist not only with the diagnosis and categorization of skeletal abnormalities but can also guide surgical interventions of metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline Skeletal Reference Guide: A Cadaveric Radiographic Measurement on Lower Limb Extremities

Choi

Pilton

Foo

et al. 2021

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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“…Lastly, short, broad crania in domestic dogs, i.e., the ones tending toward brachycephaly, have been found to be correlated with short and thick limb bones ( Alpak, Mutuş and Onar 2004 ; Fischer and Lilje 2011 ; Smith et al. 2016 ), and also other skeletal elements exhibit peculiar shape changes that seem to be associated with the brachycephalic phenotype ( Fig.…”

Section: Pathological and Morphological Correlates Of Brachycephalymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, many domestic dogs exhibiting “bulldog-type” brachycephaly, e.g., Pug and French Bulldog, also tend to have slightly curved, stout and short limb bones ( Alpak et al. 2004 ; Smith et al. 2016 ) ( Fig.…”

Section: Genetic and Developmental Aspects Of Brachycephaly In Domesticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, individuals in a fighting-dog breeding line that are less well suited for fighting than other individuals from the same line will likely have a reduced fitness because they will be less likely to be bred or they will even be killed ( Thomson 1996 ; Alpak et al. 2004 ; Fischer and Lilje 2011 ; Smith et al. 2016 ).…”

Section: Possible Reasons For the Prevalence Or Lack Of Brachycephaly In Domesticated Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exceptional Changes in Skeletal Anatomy under Domestication: The Case of Brachycephaly

Geiger

Schoenebeck

Schneider

et al. 2021

Integrative Organismal Biology

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“Brachycephaly” is generally considered a phenotype in which the facial part of the head is pronouncedly shortened. While brachycephaly is characteristic for some domestic varieties and breeds (e.g., Bulldog, Persian cat, Niata cattle, Anglo-Nubian goat, Middle White pig), this phenotype can also be considered pathological. Despite the superficially similar appearance of “brachycephaly” in such varieties and breeds, closer examination reveals that “brachycephaly” includes a variety of different cranial modifications with likely different genetic and developmental underpinnings and related with specific breed histories. We review the various definitions and characteristics associated with brachycephaly in different domesticated species. We discern different types of brachycephaly (“bulldog-type,” “katantognathic,” and “allometric” brachycephaly) and discuss morphological conditions related to brachycephaly, including diseases (e.g., Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome). Further, we examine the complex underlying genetic and developmental processes and the culturally and developmentally related reasons why brachycephalic varieties may or may not be prevalent in certain domesticated species. Knowledge on patterns and mechanisms associated with brachycephaly is relevant for domestication research, veterinary and human medicine, as well as evolutionary biology, and highlights the profound influence of artificial selection by humans on animal morphology, evolution, and welfare. Zusammenfassung Als “Brachycephalie” wird im Allgemeinen ein Phänotyp bezeichnet, der sich durch einen stark verkürzten Gesichtsschädel auszeichnet. Obwohl Brachycephalie für manche Haus- und Nutztiere ein rassenspezifisches Merkmal ist (z.B. bei der Bulldogge, der Perserkatze, dem Niata-Rind, der Anglo-Nubischen Ziege und dem Middle White-Schwein), kann dieser Phänotyp auch pathologisch sein. Trotz der oberflächlichen Ähnlichkeit des brachycephalen Phänotyps in diesen Varietäten und Rassen, zeigt ein detaillierter Vergleich ihrer Schädelmorphologie, dass Brachycephalie eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Schädelveränderungen umfasst, welche wahrscheinlich unterschiedliche genetische und entwicklungsbiologische Grundlagen haben. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit schaffen wir einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Definitionen und Charakteristika, welche mit Brachycephalie in den verschiedenen domestizierten Formen assoziiert sind. Dabei unterscheiden wir zwischen verschiedenen Brachycephalie-Typen («Bulldoggen-Typus», «Katantognather Typus» und «Allometrischer Typus») und diskutieren morphologische Besonderheiten—inklusive Pathologien—welche mit der Brachycephalie in Verbindung stehen (z.B. das Brachycephale Syndrom). Wir diskutieren weiterhin die bisher bekannten, komplexen genetischen und entwicklungsbiologischen Prozesse die zu Brachycephalie führen können, sowie kulturelle und entwicklungsbiologische Gründe, weshalb Brachycephalie in gewissen Arten auftritt, während in anderen Arten keine solchen Phänotypen bekannt sind. Das Wissen um die Muster und Mechanismen, welche zu Brachycephalie führen, sind relevant für die Domestikationsforschung, die Veterinär- und Humanmedizin, sowie für die Evolutionsbiologie und betonen den tiefgreifenden Einfluss von künstlicher Selektion auf die Morphologie, die Evolution und das Tierwohl unserer Nutz- und Haustiere. Resumen La braquicefalia generalmente se considera un fenotipo en el que el cráneo, específicamente el hocico, es notablemente acortado. Mientras que la braquicefalia es característica de algunas variedades domésticas y razas (p.e. Bulldog, gato persa, vaca ñata, cabra anglo nubiana, cerdo Middle White), también se puede interpretar como un fenotipo patológico. A pesar de que la braquicefalia tiene una apariencia semejante, por lo menos superficial, en estas variedades y razas, al examinarla más en detalle se descubre que la “braquicefalia” incluye una variedad de diferentes modificaciones del cráneo que probablemente tienen diferentes subyacentes genéticos y de desarrollo y que están relacionados con la historia de la raza. Revisamos las diferentes definiciones y propiedades relacionadas con la braquicefalia en varias especies domésticas. Describimos diferentes tipos de braquicefalia (tipo bulldog, “katantognático” y braquicefalia alométrica) y analizamos condiciones morfológicas relacionadas con la braquicefalia incluyendo enfermedades (p.e. síndrome obstructivo respiratorio). Además, examinamos los complejos procesos genéticos y de desarrollo subyacentes y los motivos culturales y de desarrollo por las que variedades braquicéfalas pueden ser más o menos prevalentes en ciertas especies domésticas. El conocimiento de patrones y mecanismos asociados a la braquicefalia son relevantes para la investigación sobre la domesticación, medicina veterinaria y humana, así como para la biología evolutiva y destaca la profunda influencia de la selección artificial sobre la morfología y bienestar de los animales y su evolución.

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“…In particular, chondrodystrophic dogs have a relatively shorter extremity bone than the length of their axial skeleton, owing to impaired longitudinal bone growth so that they have a higher incidence of multiapical ALDs than nonchondrodystrophic breeds (9)(10)(11). However, to the best of our knowledge, only two studies have documented the joint reference angles in chondrodystrophic dogs, which are not even based on specific breeds (6,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Thoracic Limb Joint Reference Angles in Purebred Shih-Tzu Dogs by Computed Tomography

Jeong¹,

Eungi²,

Youngeun³

et al. 2020

J Vet Clin

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The purpose of this study was to establish normal values for the thoracic limb joint reference angles in Shih Tzu dogs and to describe the standardized CT methodology for measuring the joint reference angle of the humerus. Five pairs of thoracic limbs of Shih Tzu dogs were collected for the CT scans in this study. Three blinded observers measured the joint reference angle of the humerus and radius for each dog by using CT scans in the frontal, sagittal, and axial planes. The means (± SDs) for the average of the right and left humeral joint reference angles were as follows:

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Influence of chondrodystrophy and brachycephaly on geometry of the humerus in dogs

Abstract: Bone proportions and curvature in CD differ from BD and NCD. Differences are minor and unlikely to have clinical significance.

Cited by 7 publications

References 38 publications

Feline Skeletal Reference Guide: A Cadaveric Radiographic Measurement on Lower Limb Extremities

Feline Skeletal Reference Guide: A Cadaveric Radiographic Measurement on Lower Limb Extremities

Exceptional Changes in Skeletal Anatomy under Domestication: The Case of Brachycephaly

Measurement of Thoracic Limb Joint Reference Angles in Purebred Shih-Tzu Dogs by Computed Tomography

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