Influence of Cellular Phone Videos and Games on Dry Eye Syndrome in University Students

Park, Jeong Sook; Choi, Mi-Young; Ji, Eun; Moon, Jong Ha; Moon, Hyo Jeong

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2014.25.1.12

Cited by 39 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The literature considering use of smartphones and tablets conclusively shows an increase in ocular and visual symptoms such as headaches, eyestrain, dry eyes and sore eyes . These symptoms are similar to those which occur in computer vision syndrome.…”

Section: Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Golebiowski et al found no changes to tear meniscus height after one hour of reading from a smartphone, and Madudoc et al similarly showed no effect with tablet use over the same time. Park et al reported increased Schirmer scores after viewing a film or playing games on a smartphone; however, the investigators speculated that reflex tearing may have affected results.…”

Section: Blinking Tear Function and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 90%

“…Several studies have shown one hour of tablet or smartphone use increases eye strain and blur in young adults by as much as five times . It is unclear whether these collective symptoms are due to effects on the accommodative/vergence system, the ocular surface (including blinking) or a combination of both.…”

Section: Summary Of Significant Effects Of Smartphone Use On Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Digital device use can affect blink patterns, ocular surface homeostasis and tear film function . These effects are likely to contribute to a variety of ocular discomfort symptoms (such as dryness, grittiness, foreign body sensation, burning, stinging, sore eyes), blurred vision, and dry eye disease.…”

Section: Blinking Tear Function and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, there are conflicting reports for blink rate and the effects of smartphone and tablet use. Park et al report reduced blink rate after 60 minutes of viewing a film or playing a game on a smartphone, whereas Golebiowski et al report increased blink rate over 60 minutes of reading from a smartphone. Benedetto et al found reduced blink rate with reading for one hour from a liquid crystal display e‐reader compared to reading from printed text in a similar setup; however, Argiles et al found reading from tablets resulted in a higher blink rate than when reading the same text in print.…”

Section: Blinking Tear Function and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know

Jaiswal

Asper

Long

et al. 2019

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

185

179

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Smartphone and tablet use in Australia and worldwide is reaching saturation levels and associated visual and ocular discomfort such as headaches, eyestrain, dry eyes and sore eyes are widespread. This review synthesises the available literature and considers these symptoms in the context of a binocular vision and/or ocular surface aetiology. Eye discomfort with smartphones and tablets is discussed alongside similar symptoms reported with desktop computer use. Handheld devices differ from computers in viewing position and distance, screen size and luminance, and patterns of use. Accommodation is altered with handheld device use, with increased lag and decreased amplitude. Smartphone and tablet use results in reduced fusional convergence and possibly a receded near point of convergence. This is similar to what happens with computer use. Findings related to blink rate with smartphone and tablet use are contradictory, perhaps due to the influence of task difficulty, and there is limited evidence related to blink amplitude. Reduced blink rate and amplitude are consistently reported with computer use. Use of handheld digital devices, like computers, may adversely impact tear stability. There is insufficient evidence to support the impact of handheld devices on tear volume, although this is reduced with computer use. The available literature does not conclusively link eye and visual discomfort symptoms reported with handheld digital devices, with changes in binocular vision, blinking or ocular surface. However, there is a gap in our understanding of symptoms which occur with smartphone and tablet use in the context of how these devices are used. In addition, studies are required in high users such as teenagers, and in patients with dry eye or accommodative/ binocular vision anomalies, all of whom may have a higher risk of symptoms. A better understanding of symptom aetiology can guide clinical advice to minimise adverse impacts on visual and ocular surface health and discomfort.

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Section: Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Blinking Tear Function and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Summary Of Significant Effects Of Smartphone Use On Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blinking Tear Function and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blinking Tear Function and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know

Jaiswal

Asper

Long

et al. 2019

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

185

179

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Smartphone addiction

Ting¹,

Chen²

2020

Adolescent Addiction

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Smartphone gaming induces dry eye symptoms and reduces blinking in school-aged children

Chidi-Egboka

Jalbert

Golebiowski

2022

Eye

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Purpose Smartphone use by children is rising rapidly, but its ocular surface impact is unknown. This study examined the effect of smartphone use on blinking, symptoms, and tear function in children. Methods Prospective intervention study where 36 children aged 6–15years (14 M:22 F) played games on a smartphone continuously for one hour. Symptoms (SANDE, IOSS, NRS) and tear film (lipid layer thickness, tear secretion, stability) were assessed before and after gaming. Blink rate and interblink interval were measured in situ using an eye tracking headset, before (during conversation) and continuously throughout gaming. Symptoms and tear film changes were examined using paired t-tests. Changes in blinking throughout one hour were examined using repeated measures ANOVA, post-hoc comparisons with Bonferroni correction. Associations examined using Pearson bivariate correlation. Significance level was 0.05. Results Symptoms worsened following one hour smartphone gaming (SANDE + 8.2units, p = 0.01; IOSS + 1.3units, p < 0.001; NRS-average +6.3units, p = 0.03; NRS-comfort +7.6units, p = 0.04; NRS-tiredness +10.1units, p = 0.01), but tear film remained unchanged. Blink rate reduced from 20.8 blinks/min to 8.9 blinks/min (p < 0.001) and interblink interval increased from 2.9 s to 8.7 s (p = 0.002) within the first minute of gaming relative to baseline conversation, and this effect remained unchanged throughout one hour of gaming. Conclusions Smartphone use in children results in dry eye symptoms and immediate and sustained slowing of blinking, with no change in tear function evident up to one hour. Given the ubiquitous use of smartphones by children, future work should examine whether effects reported herein persist or get worse over a longer term causing cumulative damage to the ocular surface.

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Influence of Cellular Phone Videos and Games on Dry Eye Syndrome in University Students

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know

Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know

Smartphone addiction

Smartphone gaming induces dry eye symptoms and reduces blinking in school-aged children

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