Influence of carbon fibre orientation on reaction‐to‐fire properties of polymer matrix composites

Eibl, Sebastian

doi:10.1002/fam.1112

Cited by 33 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In fact, non‐combustible fibres such as glass and carbon fibres show a diluting effect and have influence on the velocity of combustion. Furthermore, they act as barriers in the combustion mechanism . Other authors have reported similar results.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

The effect of traditional flame retardants, nanoclays and carbon nanotubes in the fire performance of epoxy resin composites

et al. 2016

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Summary The effectiveness of distinct fillers, from micro to nano‐size scaled, on the fire behaviour of an epoxy resin and its carbon fibre reinforced composites was assessed by cone calorimetry. The performance was compared not only regarding the reaction to fire performance, but also in terms of thermal stability, glass transition temperature and microstructure. Regarding the fire reaction behaviour of nanofilled epoxy resin, anionic nanoclays and thermally oxidized carbon nanotubes showed the best results, in agreement with more compact chars formed on the surface of the burning polymer. For carbon fibre reinforced composite plates, the cone calorimeter results of modified resin samples did not show significant improvements on the heat release rate curves. Poorly dispersed fillers in the resin additionally caused reductions on the glass transition temperature of the composite materials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

The effect of traditional flame retardants, nanoclays and carbon nanotubes in the fire performance of epoxy resin composites

et al. 2016

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“…Nine hundred sixty prepreg layers were stacked to create a cube with dimensions shown in Figure , which was cured in an autoclave according to the manufacturers' recommended conditions . Because of the unidirectional layup of the prepreg plies, no distinguishable fiber layers exist after curing, as carbon fibers become nearly homogeneously distributed throughout the cube . Five‐millimeter thick panels were cut from the cube in various out‐of‐plane directions using a water‐cooled diamond wire saw, creating fiber angles between 0° and 15° with respect to the panel surface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They must account for temperature‐dependent thermal properties, internal chemical reactions, material delaminations, and formation of pyrolysis products . Previous work has investigated the effects of in‐plane fiber orientation on reaction‐to‐fire properties, such as unidirectional and quasi‐isotropic, its stacking pattern, and chopped and woven fiber reinforcement . However, minimal research into the effects and applications of out‐of‐plane fiber angles has been conducted to date and is, therefore, the focus of this work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of out‐of‐plane fiber orientation on reaction‐to‐fire properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites

Eibl¹,

Swanson²

2017

Fire and Materials

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Summary This work investigates the influence of the out‐of‐plane orientation of carbon fibers on the reaction‐to‐fire characteristics of polymer matrix composites. A deep insight into combustion processes is gained, which is necessary to fully understand and assess advantages of composites with out‐of‐plane fiber angles. Epoxy‐based Hexply 8552/IM7 specimens with primarily low fiber angles between 0° and 15° are characterized by cone calorimetry. Heat release during fire is greatly affected by the out‐of‐plane fiber angle because of the thermal boundaries created by the fibers. The advancement of the pyrolysis front during fire was determined from peak heat release rates and validated by temperature measurements along the back surface of the panels, representing a novel method of determining position‐dependent pyrolysis migration velocity. These measurements show a transverse shift in pyrolysis front velocity for increasing out‐of‐plane fiber angles. Pyrolysis pathways between the fiber boundaries facilitate faster combustion through the composite thickness, especially for increasing angles from 0° to 15°. It was determined that under the chosen conditions, the pyrolysis front advances approximately 4 times faster when propagating parallel to the fibers than perpendicular.

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“…Resultant char and resin‐depleted fiber plies retard the transport processes necessary for combustion. An intensive final HRR peak occurs when the migration of the pyrolysis zone reaches the panel back side and is predominantly explained by an accumulation of heat, due to the back side insulation …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for the formation of respirable fibers in carbon fiber reinforced plastic materials after combustion

Eibl¹

2017

Fire and Materials

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Summary Fundamental aspects for the thermal decomposition and formation of respirable fragments of carbon fibers are investigated to assess the health hazard of carbon fiber reinforced plastic material after a fire. The influence of temperature (600°C‐900°C)/heat flux (30‐80 kW/m2), time of thermal load (up to 20 minutes), and oxygen exposure is analyzed by means of mass loss and fiber diameter of intermediate modulus and high tenacity fibers with initial diameters of 5 to 7 μm. Various types and concentrations of flame retardants were tested with respect to fiber protection. Epoxy‐based composite specimens (RTM6/G0939) additionally containing aluminum or magnesium hydroxide and/or zinc borate (1‐25 wt% per resin) were analyzed by cone calorimetry. Carbon fiber decomposition increases with combustion/irradiation time and temperature/heat flux, after a threshold temperature (ca 600°C) is exceeded. Critical fiber diameters below 3 μm are reached within minutes and are predominantly observed close to the panel surface in contact with air. Effective fiber protection is achieved by flame retardants acting beyond 600°C, forming thermally resistant layers such as zinc borate. A new field of research is opened identifying flame retardants, which protect carbon fibers in carbon fiber reinforced plastic.

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Influence of carbon fibre orientation on reaction‐to‐fire properties of polymer matrix composites

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

The effect of traditional flame retardants, nanoclays and carbon nanotubes in the fire performance of epoxy resin composites

The effect of traditional flame retardants, nanoclays and carbon nanotubes in the fire performance of epoxy resin composites

Influence of out‐of‐plane fiber orientation on reaction‐to‐fire properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites

Potential for the formation of respirable fibers in carbon fiber reinforced plastic materials after combustion

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