Influence of calcium and silica on hydraulic properties of sodium montmorillonite assemblages under alkaline conditions

Effect of iron on membrane fouling by alginate in the absence and presence of calcium

“…In the iron and calcium cases presented here, SEM images show the formation of a structure that is quite similar to the high calcium case described by Xin et al [23] with a reduced void size ( Figure 8c) and consolidated cake assemblage ( Figure 5) facilitating increased hydraulic conductivity. In addition to the greater interconnectivity between pores, a reduction in the electrostatic forces that act to retard water movement through the assemblage is also a possible contributing factor [45].…”

Characterization and hydraulic conductivity of tropical soils and bentonite mixtures for CCL purposes

“…A different approach investigates the improvements on the mechanical and chemical strength of bentonities with polymers (for instance, Bohnhoff and Shackelford 2013). Other papers investigate possible changes on the properties of sandy soils and bentonites when exposed to different chemical solutions (Bowders and Daniel 1987, Madsen and Muller Vanmoos 1989, Budhu et al 1990, Shackelford 1994, Shackelford et al 2000, Roque and Didier 2006, Yamaguchi et al 2007, Castellanos et al 2008, Katsumi et al 2008, Smiles 2008, Cuisinier et al 2009, Kinsela et al 2010, Shackelford and SampleLord 2014.…”

Calcium-mediated polysaccharide gel formation and breakage: Impact on membrane foulant hydraulic properties

“…9b) displays some nematic ordering in parallel with the membrane surface (and imposed pressure), likely due to the associated dewatering and compression of the assemblage. The resultant increase in hydraulic conductivity at higher calcium concentrations is likely due to a reduction in forces acting to retard water movement through the assemblage together with a greater interconnectivity between pores [59].…”