Influence of bone cements on bone-screw interfaces in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of horses

Abstract

In horses, Mg-cement promoted bone-implant bonding and adjacent bone osteogenesis, which may reduce the risk of screw loosening.

Magnesium Phosphate Cement Systems for Hard Tissue Applications: A Review

“…Indeed, this property helped launch the OsteoCrete formulation, from Bone Solutions Inc., through FDA approval which built interest in MPCs according to BSI President Drew Diaz (personal communication, January 30th, 2015). OsteoCrete MPC has been investigated in tendon-to-bone fixation, bone flap securing, screw fixation, and bone-to-bone adhesiveness, showing improved adhesiveness and healing in nearly all circumstances. ,− Research comparing the OsteoCrete formulation with other common MPC formulations has not been completed to determine whether most MPCs indeed display this adhesiveness or if this aspect is unique only to the OsteoCrete system.…”

“…The loss of mechanical strength following implantation in vivo is, however, a consistent trend but has not negatively affected the functionality of the MPC implants. ,, For example, Yu et al implanted the same MPC scaffolds intramuscularly in rabbits, which displayed significant surface changes with time as well as reductions in compressive strength, from 85 MPa initially to 25 MPa after 3 months . In addition to these formulations, the OsteoCrete MPC formulation has been studied in a variety of animal models and defects, including cranial defects in rabbits, securing dental implants in dogs, and metacarpal and metatarsals in horses. ,, OsteoCrete has demonstrated improved adhesiveness and healing in nearly all surgical sites explored.…”

Use of a Novel Magnesium-Based Resorbable Bone Cement for Augmenting Anchor and Tendon Fixation

“…Previously published data also suggest that OsteoCrete may improve osseous replacement of anchors as a result of magnesium ion release, which can drive adjacent attachment and growth of osteoblasts, leading to enhanced new bone formation. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]18 As such, surgeons may consider this means of anchor augmentation in situations of questionable or poor-quality bone and/or when accelerated postoperative rehabilitation protocols are desired.…”

Unravelling the Effect of Citrate on the Features and Biocompatibility of Magnesium Phosphate-Based Bone Cements

“…It was recently proposed that magnesium phosphate-based cements (MPCs) could be used as an alternative to CPCs. In addition to the increased mechanical strength, which is still not sufficient for load-bearing applications, MPCs have shown a more rapid dissolution rate in aqueous media, which results in enhanced in vivo resorption that favors bone growth; moreover, MPCs have shown intrinsic adhesive capabilities, which are not reported for CPCs. ,, Another advantage of using MPCs over CPCs is that the in vivo release of Mg 2+ was shown to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and to inhibit osteoclast formation, thereby favoring bone regeneration. , Some MPCs were even reported to be naturally antibiotic, , while retaining good biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. ,− All these features disclose the great potentialities of MPCs, which are still underexplored in comparison to the well-established CPCs . The properties of MPCs, which are typically prepared by mixing MgO or Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (trimagnesium phosphate, TMP) with aqueous solutions of phosphate salts, can be improved by the addition of modifiers, such as reaction retardants, pore formers, and radio-opaque agents; to the best of our knowledge, the inclusion of bioactive molecules in the cement matrix, as well as their release profile when in contact with biological fluids, has never been addressed so far.…”

“…In addition to the increased mechanical strength, 10 which is still not sufficient for load-bearing applications, MPCs have shown a more rapid dissolution rate in aqueous media, which results in enhanced in vivo resorption that favors bone growth; 11 which are not reported for CPCs. 9,12,13 Another advantage of using MPCs over CPCs is that the in vivo release of Mg 2+ was shown to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and to inhibit osteoclast formation, thereby favoring bone regeneration. 14,15 Some MPCs were even reported to be naturally antibiotic, 10,16 while retaining good biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo.…”