Influence of body weight reduction on maximal oxygen uptake in female elite athletes

Ingjer, Frank; Sundgot‐Borgen, Jorunn

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00286.x

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Some coaches report that calorie restriction and initial weight loss may increase athletic performance, which Johnson [ 42 ] tentatively ascribed to the initial physiological and psychological excitability effects of starvation, mediated by up-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and an increase in cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Another proposed explanation is the initial increase of maximum oxygen intake (VO2max) associated with dietary restriction leading to an improvement in aerobic sport performance, at least in the short term [ 41 , 43 ]. However, in the long-term, the maintenance of dietary restriction produces a progressive deterioration of sport performance through several different mechanisms [ 43 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Disorders, Physical Fitness and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review

et al. 2013

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Background: Eating disorders are health problems that are particularly prevalent in adolescents and young adults. They are associated with considerable physical health and psychosocial morbidity, and increased risk of mortality. We set out to conduct a systematic review to determine their effect on physical fitness in the general population and on sport performance in athletes. Methods/Design: A systematic review of the relevant peer-reviewed literature was performed. For inclusion, articles retrieved from PubMed had to be published in English between 1977 and 2013. Wherever possible, methods and reporting adhere to the guidelines outlined in the PRISMA statement. Some additional studies were retrieved from among those cited in the reference lists of included studies and from non-electronic databases. Literature searches, study selection, method and quality appraisal were performed independently by two authors, and data was synthesized using a narrative approach. Results: Of the 1183 articles retrieved, twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were consequently analysed. The available data indicate that eating disorders have a negative effect on physical fitness and sport performance by causing low energy availability, excessive loss of fat and lean mass, dehydration, and electrolyte disturbance. Discussion: Although the paucity of the available data mean that findings to date should be interpreted with caution, the information collated in this review has several practical implications. First, eating disorders have a negative effect on both physical fitness and sport performance. Second athletics coaches should be targeted for education about the risk factors of eating disorders, as deterioration in sport performance in athletes, particularly if they are underweight or show other signs of an eating disorder, may indicate the need for medical intervention. However, future studies are needed, especially to assess the direct effect of eating disorders on sport performance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Disorders, Physical Fitness and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review

et al. 2013

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“…Exercise performance is affected negatively by energy deficits, and maximal oxygen consumption has been shown to decrease significantly (28%) in elite female athletes during starvation or malnutrition. 72 Increase in Musculoskeletal Injuries. High school athletes with disordered eating are twice as likely to sustain sports-related musculoskeletal injuries, and this rate increases further with menstrual irregularity.…”

Section: Menstrual Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efforts to educate athletes, physicians, therapists, and coaches as well as educational institutions are urgently needed. 5,6,107 To ensure compliance from athletes, energy deficits causing compromised athletic performance 72 and musculoskeletal injuries 108 should be explained in order to "speak the athlete's language." 92 For athletes who welcome menstrual interruption, it should be shared that Olympic records have been set by athletes experiencing all phases of the menstrual cycle.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Athlete Triad and Its Components: Toward Improved Screening and Management

Javed

Tebben

Fischer

et al. 2013

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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“…Moreover, with weight loss, athletes may feel lighter, and experience a psychological boost, particularly if they believe that lighter means improved performance. However, Ingjer and Sundgot-Borgen39 reported the negative consequences of energy deficiency on cardiovascular function and performance: maximum oxygen uptake and running speed of female elite endurance athletes decreased for several months after 2 months with LEA. It is also not clear whether the athletes still had remaining slight energy deficiency after the initial rapid weight reduction or if energy intake was adequate for their training demands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to minimise the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission

et al. 2013

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A focus on low body weight and body fat content, combined with regulations in some weight-sensitive sports, are considered risk factors for extreme dieting, eating disorders (EDs) and related health consequences among athletes. At present there are, from a health perspective, no generally accepted optimum values for body weight or percentage of fat mass in different sports and there is no 'gold standard' method for body composition assessment in athletes. On the basis of health considerations as well as performance, medical support teams should know how to approach elite athletes who seek to achieve an unrealistic body composition and how to prevent restrictive eating practices from developing into an ED. In addition, these teams must know when to raise the alarm and how to advice athletes who are affected by extreme dieting or clinical EDs. However, there is no consensus on when athletes struggling with extreme dieting or EDs should be referred for specialist medical treatment or removed from competition. Based on the present review, we conclude that there is a need for (1) sport-specific and gender-specific preventive programmes, (2) criteria for raising alarm and 'does not start' (DNS) for athletes with EDs and (3) modifications to the regulations in some sports. Further, the key areas for research identified include the development of standard methods for body composition assessment in elite athletes; screening measures for EDs among athletes; development and testing of prevention programmes; investigating the short and long-term effects of extreme dieting; and EDs on health and performance. INTRODUCTIONIn various sports body weight and body composition are crucial performance variables.1 Some athletes are genetically suited to the specific anthropometric demands of the sport/weight class in which they compete, but many elite athletes struggle with extreme dieting and eating disorders (EDs) as they attempt to conform to competition regulations that are ill suited to their physique.2 As a consequence, athletes with very low body weight and/or body fat, frequent weight fluctuation, EDs and insufficient bone density are often found in weight-sensitive sports, with a high prevalence of menstrual dysfunction in women.3 Medical staff, including sports physicians, nutritionists and exercise scientists, experience challenges in handling the issues of optimum body composition, dieting and EDs in elite athletes.4 5 Furthermore, most sport nutritionists experience challenges related to application of minimum/maximum body composition or body mass values for health and performance, especially when confronted with a lack of knowledge among coaches and other support team members.5 Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the current knowledge related to minimising the risks associated with extreme weight control and EDs in elite athletes. DefinitionsWeight-sensitive sports can be classified into three main groups: (1) gravitational sports, in which high body weight restricts performance because moving the b...

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Influence of body weight reduction on maximal oxygen uptake in female elite athletes

Abstract: Influence of body weight reduction on maximal oxygen uptake in female elite athletes Ingjer F, Sundgot-Borgen J. Influence of body weight reduction on maximal oxygen uptake in female elite athletes.

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Eating Disorders, Physical Fitness and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review

Eating Disorders, Physical Fitness and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review

Female Athlete Triad and Its Components: Toward Improved Screening and Management

How to minimise the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission

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