Influence of Behavioral Evolution on Gypsy Moth
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Pupal Survival in Sparse Populations
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Campbell, Robert W.; Sloan, Ronald J.

doi:10.1093/ee/5.6.1211

Cited by 30 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Pupae in the litter are more likely to die from various vertebrate predators like the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus Raf.) than those in resting sites like bark t~Laps (Campbell & Sloan, 1976). Indeed overall survival of individuals in the litter has been shown to be less than 1/10 that of individuals in other locations, e.g., bark flaps.…”

Section: Site Conditions Host Species Composition and Host Plant Expmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…When overall defoliation is 25%, defoliation of American beech has been observed to be only about 34% as great as defoliation of white oak. However, when overall defoliation is 75%, defoliation of both species is almost identical (Campbell & Sloan, 1977).…”

Section: Components Of Host Plant Exploitation the Plant-insect Intementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Campbell & Sloan (1977)have proposed that "This characteristic of the gypsy moth population in North America is both a determinant and a consequence, in part, of an interplay between this new invader, and subsequent dynamic changes in the forest stand". In spite of what appears to be a successful paradigm, there is a considerable degree of variation in the feeding ecology of the gypsy moth and in the interaction with specific plant species.…”

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confidence: 99%

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HOST PLANT EXPLOITATION BY THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR

Barbosa

1978

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The natural occurrence of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) on different tree species in New England is compared with experimental results on host plant preference, utilisation of food and overall suitability of the different species as food plants. Highest numbers were found on red and white oak (Quercus rubra and Quereus alba), but leaves of some other species were acceptable. Some others were also suitable for development. The importance of variation between individuals is stressed, as is the need to consider the whole biological need of the animal in the environment, and not just individual factors such as feeding.The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., is pandemic in Europe, Asia and north-west Africa. For over a hundred years since its introduction into the United States, this lymantriid has persisted in New England and has expanded its range to include parts of New York and Pennsylvania in the eastern United States. Small localized infestations or the presence of adults have marked the invasion of more distant states like Michigan, Virginia, California and Ohio.Although no one characteristic determines the spatial and temporal success of a species, the highly polyphagous character of the gypsy moth appears to be a significant factor in colonization by this species. Gypsy moth populations flourish in the transitional northeastern uplands zone dominated by beech (Fagus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), maples (Acer sp.), white pine (Pinus sp.) and hemlock (Tsuga sp.), the southern New England oak-hickory forests and now threaten the oak-pine forests of the southeastern U.S.A.The early outbreaks of the gypsy moth generally were more severe and long lasting than recent outbreaks. Campbell & Sloan (1977)have proposed that "This characteristic of the gypsy moth population in North America is both a determinant and a consequence, in part, of an interplay between this new invader, and subsequent dynamic changes in the forest stand". In spite of what appears to be a successful paradigm, there is a considerable degree of variation in the feeding ecology of the gypsy moth and in the interaction with specific plant species. For example, although larvae will eat the foliage of a wide variety of trees, some species, e.g., those of ash (Fraxinus sp.) and the tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) remain undefoliated even when adjacent trees are stripped. However, as defoliation (and larval density) increases, larvae become less selective and will feed on unfavored species.

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Section: Site Conditions Host Species Composition and Host Plant Expmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Components Of Host Plant Exploitation the Plant-insect Intementioning

confidence: 97%

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confidence: 99%

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HOST PLANT EXPLOITATION BY THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR

Barbosa

1978

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…That many of these species are somewhat cryptic is thus not surprising, especially during intervals when their populations are low. Sparse populations of late-instar gypsy moth larvae in eastern North America show such a strong tendency to rest and pupate in sheltered locations (Campbell 1975) that Campbell and Sloan (1976) suggested that this pattern had evolved primarily as a defense against foliage-foraging natural enemies in Europe. Similarly, Douglas-fir tussock moth larvae tend to pupate away from the foliage, and will use small wooden blocks for pupation sites (Dahlsten and others 1978).…”

Section: 225mentioning

confidence: 99%

Population dynamics of the major North American needle-eating budworms.

Campbell¹

1993

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Data from six western States provided 1,251 life tables representing western spruce budworm, Chodstoneura occidentalis Freeman. These data provided projection capabilities for defoliation and successive budworm densities, as well as a basis for comparing survival rates among the three principal North American needle-eating budworms (western and eastern spruce budworms, and the jack pine budworm). Several modifications are suggested in current methods for managing budworm-susceptible forests, and suggestions are provided for further studies on the budworm life systems.Keywords: Western spruce budworm, eastern spruce budworm, jack pine budworm, life table, population dynamics, survival, site and stand attributes, interstand influences, year-to-year changes, insecticide treatment, weather, Choristoneura, predators, birds, ants, density dependence, host defenses, hazard rating. Extended, AbstractThe data for this study were collected between 1959 and 1988 from nine projects in six western States (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico). This data base provided both 1,251 life tables and hundreds of additional survival-rate fragments representing populations of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman. These data were analyzed to produce projection capabilities for defoliation and successive budworm densities (eggs, nominal fourth instars, emerging moths, and egg masses) as functions of preceding density, site and stand attributes, interstand influences, systematic year-to-year changes in survival, recent insecticide treatment, and weather. Some of these results were then used to compare survival rates in western spruce budworm with equivalent rates found in populations of the other principal North American needle-eating budworms--the eastern spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.), and the jack pine budworm, C. pinus Freeman.Across an outbreak, generation survival shows similar declines in the three budworms. For example, in each of the three budworm life systems, predation processes appear to be paramount in maintaining sparse densities. More specifically, in innocuous western spruce budworm populations, the combined effects of predaceous birds and ants provide a low stable equilibrium that can maintain populations at low densities indefinitely, at least in the Pacific Northwest. Apparently, the combined effects of these predators on large larvae and pupae is highest when budworm density reaches about one or two fourth instars per m 2 of foliage. From this density to about 50 fourth instars per m 2, average survival from fourth instar to adults increases with increasing density, then declines again (from processes that are not usually related to predation) as density continues to increase. Trends in all three species also are heavily influenced by density-related mass flights by gravid moths.Other comparisons, however, show that the three life systems differ in some fundamental ways. For example, across a multiyear outbreak, drastic density-dependent reductions oc...

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“…Similarly, insectivorous bird species are considered to be instrumental in controlling outbreaks of forest insect pests in boreal and deciduous forests in North America and Europe [Morris et al, 1958;Tinbergen, 1960;Campbell and Sloan, 1976;Holmes et al, 1979;Takekawa et al, 1982;Holling, 1988;Maquis and Whelan, 1994].…”

Section: Insert Figure 3 About Herementioning

confidence: 99%