Influence of ball milling parameters on the particle size of barium titanate nanocrystalline powders

Nath, A. K.; Jiten, Chongtham; Singh, K. Chandramani

doi:10.1016/j.physb.2009.08.299

Cited by 53 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The lattice parameter a of In 2 O 3 phase decreases with the increase of ball milling time, indicating the Fe 3+ substitution of In 3+ in In 2 O 3 lattice. The increase in the lattice distortion, decrease in grain size, and ions substitution during the milling process result in the variation of lattice parameters a and c [9]. In particular, after 12 h of ball milling, no pure hematite phase corresponding to hyperfine field ~ 49 T was detected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The small change in the grain size at long ball milling time can be understood in terms of decreasing impact pressure on the grains. As the grain size of powder decreases, the number of grains in the zone of impact point contact with a grinding ball increases, leading to the decrease in pressure imparted to a grain and the gradual cessation of the grinding action [9].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Oxide Doped Hematite xIn₂O₃·(1-x)α-Fe₂O₃ Solid Solution

Sorescu

Diamandescu

2011

MRS Proc.

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Indium oxide-doped hematite xIn 2 O 3 ·(1-x)α-Fe 2 O 3 (x= 0.1-0.7) solid solution systems were synthesized using mechanochemical activation. The microstructures, magnetic and thermal properties of the system were dependent on In 2 O 3 molar concentration x and ball milling time. XRD results showed that the completion of In 3+ substitution of Fe 3+ in hematite lattice occurs after 12 h ball milling for x = 0.1. For x = 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7, the substitutions between In 3+ and Fe 3+ into hematite and In 2 O 3 lattices occur simultaneously. The lattice parameters of hematite and In 2 O 3 vary as a function of ball milling time. The change in these parameters was due to ions substitution between In 3+ and Fe 3+ and the decrease in grain sizes. Mössbauer spectra of the system with x = 0.3 were fitted with three sextets and two quadrupole-split doublets after milling, representing In 3+ substitution of Fe 3+ in hematite lattice and Fe 3+ substitution of In 3+ in two different sites of In 2 O 3 lattice. TGA results showed that the hematite decomposition is enhanced due to the smaller hematite grain size. The crystallization of hematite and In 2 O 3 was suppressed with the drops of enthalpy values due to the stronger solid-solid interactions after ball milling. These caused gradual In 3+ -Fe 3+ substitution in hematite/In 2 O 3 lattices.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Oxide Doped Hematite xIn₂O₃·(1-x)α-Fe₂O₃ Solid Solution

Sorescu

Diamandescu

2011

MRS Proc.

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“…As the grain size of powder decreases, the number of grains in the zone of impact point contact with a grinding ball increases as well, leading to the decrease in pressure imported to a grain and the gradual cessation of the grinding action [20]. The grain dimensions decrease down to ∼7 nm at long ball milling time, evidencing the occurrence of nanoparticles in The changes in lattice parameters of hematite (a and c) and indium oxide (a only) are due to the high energy ball milling, the gradual In 3+ substitution of Fe 3+ in hematite lattice, Fe 3+ substitution of In 3+ in indium oxide lattice, and strain concentration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of indium oxide-hematite magnetic ceramic solid solution

Sorescu

Diamandescu

et al. 2011

Hyperfine Interact

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Indium oxide-doped hematite xIn 2 O 3 * (1 − x)α-Fe 2 O 3 (molar concentration x = 0.1-0.7) solid solutions were synthesized using mechanochemical activation by ball milling. XRD patterns yield the dependence of lattice parameters and grain size as function of milling time. After 12 h of milling, the completion of In 3+ substitution of Fe 3+ in hematite lattice occurs for x = 0.1. For x = 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7, the substitutions between In 3+ and Fe 3+ into hematite and respectively, In 2 O 3 lattices occur simultaneously. The lattice parameters of α-Fe 2 O 3 (a and c) and In 2 O 3 (a) vary with milling time. For x = 0.1, Mössbauer spectra were fitted with one, two, or three sextets versus milling time, corresponding to gradual substitution of In 3+ for Fe 3+ in hematite lattice. For x = 0.3, Mössbauer spectra after milling were fitted with three sextets and two quadrupole-split doublets, representing In 3+ substitution of Fe 3+ in hematite lattice and Fe 3+ substitution of In 3+ in two different sites of In 2 O 3 lattice. For x = 0.5 and 0.7, Mössbauer spectra fitting required two sextets and one quadrupole-split doublet, representing coexistence of In 3+ substitution of Fe 3+ in hematite lattice and Fe 3+ substitution of In 3+ in indium oxide lattice. The recoilless fraction studied versus milling time for each molar concentration exhibited low values, consistent with the occurrence of nanoparticles in the system. SEM/EDS measurements revealed that the mechanochemical activation by ball milling produced xIn 2 O 3 * (1 − x)α-Fe 2 O 3 solid solution system with a wide range of particle size distribution, from nanometer to micrometer, but with a uniform distribution of Fe, In, and O elements.

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“…Mechanical milling using ball mills was reported as an efficient feasible approach for mass production of perovskite powders which is able to obtain the final powder product from cheap starting materials. Barium titanate powder products were obtained by thermal treatment of mixture of TiO 2 and barium carbonate (BaCO 3 ) starting materials at temperatures in the range of 1473‐1573 K (1200‐1300°C) . BTO powder products obtained through this approach normally have microscale crystallites, uneven morphologies and chemical heterogeneities which are not suitable for MLCCs .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetragonality enhancement in BaTiO₃ by mechanical activation of the starting BaCO₃ and TiO₂ powders: Characterization of the contribution of the mechanical activation and postmilling calcination phenomena

Moghtada

Moghadam

Ashiri

2018

Int J Applied Ceramic Tech

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By‐products including unwanted phase formation and/or unreacted starting materials are normally seen in the outcome of solid‐state synthesis approaches used in the literature for powder processing of advanced materials; this drawback requires critical attention and must be addressed in the new synthesis pathways in order to obtain quality powder products. A high energy mechanical milling approach was developed in this work. Addressing the drawback, the starting materials were mechanically activated by a high energy ball mill before their mixing step. It was found that highly pure barium titanate nanopowders with high tetragonality character are obtained using the approach developed here. The work also characterized tetragonality, role of the mechanical activation and postmilling thermal treatment on structure, phase formation and morphology of the obtained powder products. It was found that the mechanical activation accelerates the kinetic of formation of barium titanate and enhances the purity and tetragonality of the final products. The mechanism behind this achievement and the related reaction pattern are disclosed in this work. In order to obtain highly pure tetragonal barium titanate, a calcination temperature of 1173 K (900°C) after 30 hours mechanical activation is necessary; if these requirements are not satisfied, the final powder product contains impure phases and/or unreacted starting materials. The results also indicated that the processing conditions result in enhancement of tetragonality character of the final powder products. It seems that the method developed here can be used as a generalized methodology for obtaining the quality highly pure monosized nanocrystals of the mixed oxides for assembling in nanotechnology.

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Influence of ball milling parameters on the particle size of barium titanate nanocrystalline powders

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Oxide Doped Hematite xIn₂O₃·(1-x)α-Fe₂O₃ Solid Solution

Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Oxide Doped Hematite xIn₂O₃·(1-x)α-Fe₂O₃ Solid Solution

Synthesis and characterization of indium oxide-hematite magnetic ceramic solid solution

Tetragonality enhancement in BaTiO₃ by mechanical activation of the starting BaCO₃ and TiO₂ powders: Characterization of the contribution of the mechanical activation and postmilling calcination phenomena

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Influence of ball milling parameters on the particle size of barium titanate nanocrystalline powders

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Oxide Doped Hematite xIn2O3·(1-x)α-Fe2O3 Solid Solution

Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Oxide Doped Hematite xIn2O3·(1-x)α-Fe2O3 Solid Solution

Synthesis and characterization of indium oxide-hematite magnetic ceramic solid solution

Tetragonality enhancement in BaTiO3 by mechanical activation of the starting BaCO3 and TiO2 powders: Characterization of the contribution of the mechanical activation and postmilling calcination phenomena

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Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Oxide Doped Hematite xIn₂O₃·(1-x)α-Fe₂O₃ Solid Solution

Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Oxide Doped Hematite xIn₂O₃·(1-x)α-Fe₂O₃ Solid Solution

Tetragonality enhancement in BaTiO₃ by mechanical activation of the starting BaCO₃ and TiO₂ powders: Characterization of the contribution of the mechanical activation and postmilling calcination phenomena