Influence of automation on mind wandering frequency in sustained attention

Gouraud, Jonas; Delorme, Arnaud; Berberian, Bruno

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2018.09.012

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…We believe that the answers to these questions will always depend on the exact characteristics of the main task and of the MW episodes. In this sense, we agree with Konishi et al (32; see also 31,45), suggesting that the content of MW and the context in which it emerges are determinant for its relation to other neurocognitive variables (including pupil size). Therefore, it is impossible, a priori, to predict the direction of pupil modulations for a new experimental setting.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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A closer look at the timecourse of mind wandering: pupillary responses and behaviour

Pelagatti

Binda

Vannucci

2019

Preprint

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AbstractMind wandering (MW) refers to the shift of attention away from a primary task and/or external environment towards thoughts unrelated to the task. Recent evidence has shown that pupillometry can be used as an objective marker of the onset and maintenance of externally-driven MW episodes. In the present study we aimed to further investigate pupillary changes associated with the onset and duration of self-reported MW episodes.We used a modified version of the joint behavioural-pupillometry paradigm we recently introduced. Participants were asked to perform a monotonous vigilance task which was intermixed with task-irrelevant cue-phrases (visually presented verbal cues); they were instructed to interrupt the task whenever a thought came to mind (self-caught method) and to indicate the trigger of their thought, if any. We found systematic pupil dilation after the presentation of verbal cues reported to have triggered MW, compared with other verbal cues presented during a supposedly on-task period (i.e., the period immediately following the resuming of the task after a self-caught interruption and MW report). These results confirm that pupil diameter is sensitive to the changes associated with the onset of MW and its unfolding over time.Moreover, by computing the latency between the trigger presentation and the task interruption (self-catch), we could also estimate the duration of MW episodes triggered by verbal cues. However, a high variability was found, implying very large inter-event variability, which could not be explained by any of the MW properties we acquired (including: temporal focus, specificity, emotional valence). Our behavioural and pupillometry findings stress the need for objective measures about the temporal unfolding of MW (while most studies focus on arbitrary time-window preceding self-reports of MW).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…However, other studies have reported the opposite finding: reduced pupil dilation during MW [e.g. 27,[31][32][33]. The control of pupil diameter is affected by a variety of factors [e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A closer look at the timecourse of mind wandering: pupillary responses and behaviour

Pelagatti

Binda

Vannucci

2019

Preprint

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“…Mind wandering is more prevalent and interferes less with task performance in low as compared to high demand tasks Rummel & Boywitt, 2014). Mind wandering is also more prevalent in practiced versus non-practiced tasks (Cunningham et al, 2000;Giambra, 1995) in automated environments (Gouraud et al, 2018), that is situations in which less attentional control is needed, and when probed less frequently (Schubert et al, 2019a;Seli et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Electrophysiological Signature of Mind Wandering

Arnau

Loeffler

Rummel

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Mind wandering during ongoing tasks can impede task performance and increase the risk of failure in laboratory as well as in daily-life tasks and work environments. Neurocognitive measures like the electroencephalography (EEG) offer the opportunity to assess mind wandering non-invasively without interfering with the primary task. However, the literature on electrophysiological correlates of mind wandering is rather inconsistent. The present study aims towards clarifying this picture by breaking down the temporal dynamics of mind-wandering encounters using a cluster-based permutation approach. Participants performed a switching task during which mind wandering was occasionally assessed via thought probes applied after trial completion at random time points. In line with previous studies, response accuracy was reduced during mind wandering. Moreover, alpha power during the inter-trial interval was significantly increased on those trials on which participants reported that they had been mindwandering. This spatially widely distributed effect is theoretically well in line with recent findings linking an increased alpha power to an internally oriented state of attention.Measurements of alpha power may therefore be used to detect mind wandering online during critical tasks in traffic and industry in order to prevent failures.

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“…associated with sudden noise or a bright stimulus, also elicits pupillary dilatation [55][56][57][58] . Conversely, smaller pupil sizes are seen with mind-wandering and introspection, and decreasing pupillary diameters reflect distraction and poor task performance [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67] . Pupillary changes can thus uncover the level of attention and the amount of mental effort with high temporal resolution [68][69][70][71] .…”

Section: Pupillary Dilatation: Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #2 of "Cortical modulation of pupillary function: systematic review (v0.1)"

2019

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Background. The pupillary light reflex is the main mechanism that regulates the pupillary diameter; it is controlled by the autonomic system and mediated by subcortical pathways. In addition, cognitive and emotional processes influence pupillary function due to input from cortical innervation, but the exact circuits remain poorly understood. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the mechanisms behind pupillary changes associated with cognitive efforts and processing of emotions and to investigate the cerebral areas involved in cortical modulation of the pupillary light reflex. Methodology. We searched multiple databases until November 2018 for studies on cortical modulation of pupillary function in humans and non-human primates. Of 8809 papers screened, 258 studies were included. Results. Most investigators focused on pupillary dilatation and/or constriction as an index of cognitive and emotional processing, evaluating how changes in pupillary diameter reflect levels of attention and arousal. Only few tried to correlate specific cerebral areas to pupillary changes, using either cortical activation models (employing micro-stimulation of cortical structures in non-human primates) or cortical lesion models (e.g. investigating patients with stroke and damage to salient cortical and/or subcortical areas). Results suggest involvement of several cortical regions, including the insular cortex (Brodmann areas 13 and 16), the frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8) and the prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 11 and 25), and of subcortical structures such as the locus coeruleus and the superior colliculus. Conclusions. Pupillary dilatation occurs with many kinds of mental or emotional processes, following sympathetic activation or parasympathetic inhibition. Conversely, pupillary constriction may occur with anticipation of a bright stimulus (even in its absence) and relies on a parasympathetic activation. All these reactions are controlled by subcortical and cortical structures that are directly or indirectly connected to the brainstem pupillary innervation system.

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Influence of automation on mind wandering frequency in sustained attention

Cited by 22 publications

References 62 publications

A closer look at the timecourse of mind wandering: pupillary responses and behaviour

A closer look at the timecourse of mind wandering: pupillary responses and behaviour

The Electrophysiological Signature of Mind Wandering

Peer Review #2 of "Cortical modulation of pupillary function: systematic review (v0.1)"

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