Influence of anoxia on free amino acid levels in blood, liver and skeletal muscles of the goldfish, Carassius aurantus L.

Boon, Jeroen van der; Eelkema, Francis A.; Thillart, Guido E.E.J.M. van den; Addink, Albert D.F.

doi:10.1016/0305-0491(92)90178-t

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Protein degradation might explain the finding that about 25 % of the glycogen reserves remained unused in the anoxic crucian carp, possibly partly due to slow degradation of the branched glycogen residues. Accumulation of branched amino acids (valine, isoleucine, and leucine) in tissues of the anoxic crucian carp (Van Der Boon et al 1992;Lardon et al 2013) and secretion of ammonia into the water (present study) are consistent with the anoxic protein degradation in tissues of crucian carp.…”

Section: Sufficiency Of Glycogen Storessupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Clearly, glycogen is the preferred anoxic energy source for crucian carp, and it is sufficient for more than 2 months of complete oxygen shortage. It has been shown that in the anoxic goldfish (Carassius auratus), glycolysis and amino acid catabolism are coupled for energy production (Van Der Boon et al 1992). Since protein catabolism can also result in ethanol production, it is possible that the extent of anoxia tolerance is partly dependent on amino acid metabolism (Van Waarde 1983).…”

Section: Sufficiency Of Glycogen Storesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glycogen dynamics of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) in prolonged anoxia

Vornanen

Haverinen

2016

J Comp Physiol B

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Mobilization of glycogen stores was examined in the anoxic crucian carp (Carassius carassius Linnaeus). Winter-acclimatized fish were exposed to anoxia for 1, 3, or 6 weeks at 2 °C, and changes in the size of glycogen deposits were followed. After 1 week of anoxia, a major part of the glycogen stores was mobilized in liver (79.5 %) and heart (75.6 %), and large decreases occurred in gill (46.7 %) and muscle (45.1 %). Brain was an exception in that its glycogen content remained unchanged. The amount of glycogen degraded during the first anoxic week was sufficient for the anaerobic ethanol production for more than 6 weeks of anoxia. After 3 and 6 weeks of anoxia, there was little further degradation of glycogen in other tissues except the brain where the stores were reduced by 30.1 and 49.9 % after 3 and 6 weeks of anoxia, respectively. One week of normoxic recovery following the 6-week anoxia was associated with a complete replenishment of the brain glycogen and partial recovery of liver, heart, and gill glycogen stores. Notably, the resynthesis of glycogen occurred at the expense of the existing energy reserves of the body in fasting fish. These findings indicate that in crucian carp, glycogen stores are quickly mobilized after the onset of anoxia, with the exception of the brain whose glycogen stores may be saved for putative emergency situations.

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Section: Sufficiency Of Glycogen Storessupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Sufficiency Of Glycogen Storesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycogen dynamics of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) in prolonged anoxia

Vornanen

Haverinen

2016

J Comp Physiol B

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“…Increasing alanine levels have been observed in both goldfish and crucian carp previously [ 52 , 53 , 54 ]. It may in part be due to the transamination of pyruvate from glycolysis to alanine, a mechanism used to generate alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate ( Figure 12 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Since crucian carp do not feed (and were not fed) during anoxia, and thus were not receiving any amino acids via their diet, it is most likely that the overall increase in amino acids is the result of protein degradation. In goldfish, there has been evidence towards proteolysis being a secondary source of fuel used in addition to glycogen [ 38 , 52 ], in which alanine is further fermented and released as ethanol and ammonia [ 38 ]. Amino acids from proteolysis may also be supplied to the tissues via the blood from skeletal muscles [ 58 , 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Metabolomic Response of Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius) to Anoxia and Reoxygenation Differs between Tissues and Hints at Uncharacterized Survival Strategies

et al. 2021

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The anoxia-tolerant crucian carp (Carassius carassius) has been studied in detail for numerous years, with particular focus on unravelling the underlying physiological mechanisms of anoxia tolerance. However, relatively little work has been focused on what occurs beyond anoxia, and often the focus is a single organ or tissue type. In this study, we quantified more than 100 metabolites by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) in brain, heart, liver, and blood plasma from four experimental groups, being normoxic (control) fish, anoxia-exposed fish, and two groups that had been exposed to anoxia followed by reoxygenation for either 3 h or 24 h. The heart, which maintains cardiac output during anoxia, unexpectedly, was slower to recover compared to the brain and liver, mainly due to a slower return to control concentrations of the energy-carrying compounds ATP, GTP, and phosphocreatine. Crucian carp accumulated amino acids in most tissues, and also surprisingly high levels of succinate in all tissues investigated during anoxia. Purine catabolism was enhanced, leading to accumulation of uric acid during anoxia and increasing urea formation that continued into 24 h of reoxygenation. These tissue-specific differences in accumulation and distribution of the metabolites may indicate an intricate system of transport between tissues, opening for new avenues of investigation of possible mechanisms aimed at reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resultant tissue damage during reoxygenation.

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“…In fishes, glutamine concentrations may be regulated according to the anabolic needs of the animal. In the white muscle of goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) for instance, glutamine concentrations have been shown to decrease significantly under anoxia (van der Boon et al ., 1992). After strenuous exercise, glutamine concentrations are transiently increased in the white muscle of rainbow trout (Milligan, 1997), which may stimulate glycogen resynthesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is digestive capacity limiting growth at low temperatures in roach?

Hardewig¹,

Dijk

2003

Journal of Fish Biology

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In roach Rutilus rutilus growth ceases below a temperature threshold of 12° C. This cessation of growth is accompanied by a reduction in feeding. Do roach decrease feeding in the cold because of reduced energy demand, caused by the decelerating effect of low temperature on metabolism and growth, or is feeding directly limited by low temperatures, leading to reduced growth rates? It was found that at low temperatures the intake and digestion of food may be limited by reduced activities of digestive enzymes. Trypsin, amylase and γ‐glutamyl transferase showed a negative compensation with respect to temperature, resulting in very low activities at acclimation temperatures of ≤12° C. Trypsin activity, falling from 400·5 ± 131·2 U g−1 fresh mass of the gut at 27° C to 12·5 U g−1 fresh mass at 4° C, displayed the strongest linear correlation with growth rates, suggesting that trypsin activities may set a limit to growth in the low temperature range. If protein digestion is limiting at low temperatures, this should be reflected in reduced concentrations of amino acid in the white muscle. The size of the total amino acid pool was not affected by temperature acclimation and ranged between 19·2 ± 6·2 and 25·2 ± 3·6 µmol g−1 fresh mass of the white muscle. A decrease, however, was found of several amino acids, mainly of threonine and glutamine, in the low temperature range. Low concentrations of the essential amino acid threonine (0·14 ± 0·03 µmol g−1 fresh mass at 12° C and 0·12 ± 0·05 µmol g−1 fresh mass at 4° C) were probably due to nutritional or digestional limitations and may therefore have resulted from reduced trypsin activity in the cold. The non‐essential amino acid glutamine, however, can be endogenously synthesized and its low level observed at 4° C (0·16 ± 0·09 µmol g−1 fresh mass) was not necessarily a result of low trypsin activities. It is more likely that low temperatures impair glutamine synthesis. The possibility that glutamine concentrations may be down regulated under conditions when anabolic processes are not advantageous is discussed.

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Influence of anoxia on free amino acid levels in blood, liver and skeletal muscles of the goldfish, Carassius aurantus L.

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Glycogen dynamics of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) in prolonged anoxia

Glycogen dynamics of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) in prolonged anoxia

The Metabolomic Response of Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius) to Anoxia and Reoxygenation Differs between Tissues and Hints at Uncharacterized Survival Strategies

Is digestive capacity limiting growth at low temperatures in roach?

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