Influence of anaesthetics on aqueous tear production in dogs: a systematic review

Raušer, Petr; Novák, Lukáš; Mrázová, Markéta

doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2022.08.007

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Opioid drugs have been shown to contribute to prolonged reduction of tear production in dogs, potentially impairing post-anaesthetic healing of corneal abrasions, even though their contribution compared to other factors has not been well determined. 4,25,27,32 More specifically, butorphanol showed synergistic reduction of tear production when administered with alpha-2 agonist sedatives in dogs. 27 It remains unclear if the butorphanol administered once in this cat could have played a significant role in the prolonged eye dryness observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Another relevant risk factor seems to be the drugs used for general anaesthesia, 22,23,27 while there is no knowledge on how the choice of these drugs influences the outcome. Opioid drugs have been shown to contribute to prolonged reduction of tear production in dogs, potentially impairing post‐anaesthetic healing of corneal abrasions, even though their contribution compared to other factors has not been well determined 4,25,27,32 . More specifically, butorphanol showed synergistic reduction of tear production when administered with alpha‐2 agonist sedatives in dogs 27 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…General anaesthesia reduces the eyelid blink reflex, decreases tear production and impairs the protective function of the tear film. [1][2][3][4] The exposed and dried cornea is more susceptible to abrasion or ulceration. 5 This depression of tear production seems to be prolonged in the post-anaesthetic phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bilateral corneal ulceration in a cat after general anaesthesia

Thenhaus‐Schnabel,

Bilotta,

Watte

et al. 2023

Vet Record Case Reports

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General anaesthesia is accompanied by a loss of the blink reflex, decreased tear production, inability to close the eye and decreased stability of the tear film. Protection of the eye with corneal lubricant is standard during general anaesthesia, but clear recommendations are missing. Moreover, the anaesthetic event may trigger other factors that increase susceptibility to corneal ulceration. In this case report, we describe a clinical case of bilateral corneal ulceration in a cat following general anaesthesia. We discuss how our practice may be improved, and examine the possibility that feline herpes virus resurgence during veterinary care may be a risk factor for corneal lesions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bilateral corneal ulceration in a cat after general anaesthesia

Thenhaus‐Schnabel,

Bilotta,

Watte

et al. 2023

Vet Record Case Reports

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“…In dogs and horses, it has been shown that an STT of 30 s allows researchers to obtain an accurate diagnosis of tear production compared with the standard 60 s value [ 24 ]. Therefore, taking into account the purpose of decreasing the restraint time, and for safety reasons, we measured STT for 30 s [ 25 , 26 ]. The possibility of testing conscious, non-anaesthetised animals, and the fact that the proposed method is shorter, may make it a suitable alternative to the 1 min test [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our results for conscious red deer are similar to those for European fallow and sambar deer, 18.11 ± 4.33, with a range of 17.33–18.89 in just 30 s. Comparing the results to other species where STT was measured for 30 s, we determined that the STT test values for red deer were among the highest. The STT values were 19.06 ± 3.88 mm/min in horses, and 24.18 ± 6.5 mm/30 s in cows [ 24 , 26 ]. So far, only anaesthetised Persian fallow deer have shown a lower STT, but there are no data on the influence of sedatives on STT—except in horses, where IV xylasine did not have a lowering effect [ 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Clinically Conscious Normal Captive Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)

Kovalcuka,

Malniece

2024

Animals

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Normal values of tear production (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) have not been reported in conscious red deer to date. The objective was to determine the normal range of STT and IOP in clinically healthy, conscious red deer (Cervus elaphus) by utilizing a chute restraint. A total of 60 red deer were examined in this study. Both eyes of all red deer underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including evaluation of tear production with the Schirmer tear test (STT) and assessment of intraocular pressure (IOP) with rebound tonometry, employing the TonoVet® device. The mean ± standard deviation of STT values were 18.35 ± 4.54 mm/30 s in the right eye and 17.87 ± 4.12 mm/30 s in the left; for both eyes, 18.11 ± 4.33 mm/30 s, with a reference range of 17.33–18.89 mm/30 s. IOP was as follows: 26.96 ± 4.42 mmHg in the right eye and 26.67 ± 3.80 mmHg in the left; for both eyes, it was 26.81 ± 4.11 mmHg, with a reference range of 26.07–27.55 mm/30 s. No statistically significant differences were observed between the IOP and STT values of the right and left eyes. This study provides a reference range for the STT and IOP in healthy red deer, showing that STT determination of tear production, and rebound tonometry to evaluate the IOP methods, are practical methods for ophthalmic examination in deer.

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Schirmer tear test‐1 with open or closed eyelids: An evaluation in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs

Pe'er,

Ofri,

Sebbag

2024

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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PurposeAssess aqueous tear production when measured with the dogs' eyelids open or closed.MethodsThirty healthy dogs (15 Shih Tzus, 15 Labrador retrievers) were recruited. With the order of testing randomized for each dog, two sessions (separated by 30 min) of STT‐1 testing were performed with the dogs' eyelids closed or open. Schirmer strip wetness (every 10 s for 60 s) and number of time(s) the strip dislodged during testing were recorded in each eye. Preferred STT‐1 method was surveyed via a global Listserv of the veterinary ophthalmology community.ResultsSTT‐1 values were significantly higher in closed versus open eyes in Shih Tzus (18.6 ± 2.7 mm/min vs. 16.3 ± 2.5 mm/min; p = .002) and Labrador retrievers (21.6 ± 2.9 mm/min vs. 17.8 ± 3.2 mm/min, p < .001), findings that were also significant at times <60 s for either breed (p ≤ .004). Schirmer strips dislodged from six dogs with open eyelids and no dogs with closed eyelids. Maximal STT‐1 difference with closed versus open eyelids was 13 mm/min in Labrador retrievers and 7 mm/min in Shih Tzus. Survey results from 275 veterinarians showed STT‐1 performed with “closed eyelids” (38.5%), “open eyelids” (26.9%), or “never paid attention, sometimes closed, sometimes open” (34.6%).ConclusionsEyelids status (closed or open) during STT‐1 testing had a significant impact on aqueous tear secretion in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs, highlighting the importance of consistency when repeating STT‐1 in a canine patient. STT‐1 differences are likely due to sustained reflex tearing throughout the test duration when the dogs' eyelids are closed.

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Influence of anaesthetics on aqueous tear production in dogs: a systematic review

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Bilateral corneal ulceration in a cat after general anaesthesia

Bilateral corneal ulceration in a cat after general anaesthesia

Measurement of Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Clinically Conscious Normal Captive Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)

Schirmer tear test‐1 with open or closed eyelids: An evaluation in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs

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