Influence of an injection system on the effect of activated soil steaming on <i>Brassica juncea</i> and the natural weed seedbank

Peruzzi, Andrea; Raffaelli, Michele; Frasconi, Christian; Fontanelli, Marco; Bàrberi, Paolo

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00901.x

Cited by 28 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Our machine requires less energy and a lower operative time compared with mobile broad-steaming machines (Gay et al 2010b;Peruzzi et al 2011). However, the biological results obtained with our band-steaming machine are not directly comparable with that obtained by Gay et al (2010b) and Peruzzi et al (2012). Gay et al (2010b) used a broad steam machine equipped with hoods combined with sub-surface steam injectors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The actual dose, computed on the full width of the machine was 1886 kg ha -1 . The CaO dose was chosen based on previous experience (Peruzzi et al, 2012) such as that which combined with steam gave the highest soil temperatures and weed control values. Lenzi, Lombardi, and Tesi (2004) indicated that CaO can be used in association with steam without production risks, provided that the application dose not exceeds 4000 kg ha -1 .…”

Section: Machine Set Up For Field Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The treatments consisted of non-steamed bands (control), and band-steaming applied with three different biological doses (1.11, 1.59, and 2.78 kg m -2 ), resulting in a total of four treatments. The highest dose was chosen to be similar to the dose which led to a satisfactory weed control level in previous studies with a self-propelled machine (Peruzzi, Raffaelli, Frasconi, Fontanelli, & Bàrberi, 2012). The other doses were chosen to ensure a reasonable spread in the abscissa values to ensure that the curve of regression analysis can be determined from the data (Ritz, Kniss, & Streibig, 2015).…”

Section: Experimental Design Treatments and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A prototype band-steaming machine: Design and field application

Raffaelli

Martelloni

Frasconi

et al. 2016

Biosystems Engineering

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Soil steaming is a preventive non-chemical weed control method. We designed and studied a new prototype band-steaming machine. Tests were conducted during the growing cycle of organically cultivated carrot in real-field conditions, in order to study the effect of different steam doses on crops and a natural weed seedbank, throughout the whole growth cycle. The prototype has a 3265 MJ h-1 steam generator, which applies steam in 12 soil bands, 180 mm wide. The steam was mixed with the soil by mean of an apposite rotary cultivator. Four biological steam doses (0, 1.11, 1.59, and 2.78 kg m-2) were applied in combination with 4000 kg ha-1 of CaO prior to sowing the crop. Log-logistic models were used to describe the responses of temperatures, weed density, time required for hand weeding, weed dry biomass at harvest, and carrot yield to the band-steaming application. Based on the experimental data, an economic margin was evaluated to find the optimum application dose. Overall responses were influenced by steam dose. The results showed that a maximum temperature of 63 °C at a 25 mm depth was observed with a steam dose of 2.78 kg m-2. With a 2.78 kg m-2 dose, the operative time was approximately 14 h ha-1 and total fuel consumption was 768 kg ha-1. An estimated mean steam dose of 2.3 kg m-2 could be able to provide similar yield and hand weeding times responses to the highest steam dose applied, thus reducing both the operative time and fuel consumption of the machine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Machine Set Up For Field Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Design Treatments and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A prototype band-steaming machine: Design and field application

Raffaelli

Martelloni

Frasconi

et al. 2016

Biosystems Engineering

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“…Many techniques have been developed to transfer thermal energy to soil. Generally, they rely on two concepts—the use of solar energy (Horowitz et al , ; Linke, ) and steam (Kolberg & Wiles, ; Melander & Jørgensen, ; Bàrberi et al , ; Peruzzi et al , ). Solar energy and steam reduce weed emergence from the soil seedbank through exposure to moderate temperatures for long periods (44–55°C for up to 6 weeks) and to high temperatures for short periods (90–100°C for just minutes), respectively (Linke, ; Bàrberi et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of short‐duration high temperatures on weed seed germination

Vidotto

Palo

Ferrero

2013

Annals of Applied Biology

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2 Summary 1Thermal soil disinfestation techniques are effective reducers of weed seedbank and 2 weed emergence. Two experiments (Exp 1 and 2) were conducted to test the effect of 3 brief exposure to varying temperatures on the seed germination of Amaranthus 4 retroflexus, Echinochloa crus-galli, Galinsoga quadriradiata, Portulaca oleracea, 5Setaria viridis, and Solanum nigrum. To this end, species seeds were moistened with 6 loamy-sand soil and placed into test tubes. The tubes were heated rapidly and then 7 cooled by dipping them into a hot water bath until target temperatures were achieved. 8Exp 1 temperatures ranged between 55 and 85°C at 5°C intervals and Exp 2 ranged 9 between 48 and 86°C at 2°C intervals. Thereafter, the tubes were dipped into a cooling 10 (1°C) water bath. Exposure to target temperatures ranged between 2 and 5 s. Soil 11 temperatures were monitored using embedded thermocouples. A log-logistic dose-12 response model described the effect of heating on seed germinability; temperatures 13 required for 99% reductions were calculated. Based on the predictive model equation 14 used, weed species' germination sensitivity to high temperature exposure can be ranked 15

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“…For better results, chemical additives with exothermic reactions like potassium hydroxide (KOH) or calcium oxide (CaO) are sometimes used (Barberi et al, 2002;Barberi et al, 2009). For example, the patented bioflash system uses a self-propelled machine to disinfect soil in greenhouses by incorporating steam and additives with a rotary hoe into tilled soil Peruzzi et al, 2011;Peruzzi et al, 2012). Neither in Swiss nor in European organic farming is the outdoor-use of such additives allowed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of hot-water application technology for the control of broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius)

Latsch

Sauter

2014

J Agricult Engineer

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In organic farming, the control of broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) via hot-water treatment of the upper root region (hypocotyl) is a new alternative to the current standard control method involving manual digging-out of the roots. This comparative study looks at five different hot-water application techniques. The aim is to optimise the control method in terms of water and energy requirement to obtain a mortality rate of the treated plants of at least 80%. The studied parameters were the application, the amount of water, the water temperature, the soil moisture content and the soil type. In total, 813 plants of varying size were treated (120-225 plants per treatment). The success of each treatment was rated 12 weeks after it was applied. Based on the results, the preferred treatment in terms of water and energy requirement was a commercially available rotary nozzle. With this nozzle, for example, at 40 vol.-% soil moisture, 1.6 L of water at a temperature of 90°C was necessary for successful Rumex control. The rotary nozzle could be used as a non-contact system, and was therefore the most user-friendly of the application techniques examined. IntroductionThroughout Europe, grassland areas managed according to organic-farming principles are increasing. The percentage of organically managed areas in the whole of the EU, for example, rose from 5,913,359 hectare (ha) in 2004 to 7,542,604 ha in 20087,542,604 ha in (Köpke et al., 2011. In Switzerland, the percentage of these areas has remained practically constant over the last nine years and, at 116,188 ha in 2011, accounted for 11% of the total agricultural area (Bundesamt für Statistik BfS, 2012).One of the greatest problems in organically managed grassland is posed by broad-leaved dock, Rumex obtusifolius (Zaller, 2004). Broadleaved docks contain high levels of oxalic acid and oxalates, which can cause health problems in large doses (Brune, 1955;Roth et al., 2012). Avoided by grazing animals on account of the substances it contains, the plant causes reduction in livestock performance when present in conserved feed. Oswald and Haggar (1983) reckoned that a ground cover of 20-30% broad-leaved dock would reduce the vegetation volume of valuable fodder plants up to 20%. To avoid these negative effects, the dock stocking on grassland should be minimal.Differing from other weeds, the physical control of broad-leaved dock is difficult because of the growth and the regenerative power of its taproots. The primary taproot of the dock develops in the first year after germination (Bond and Turner, 2003). In the second year, the plant produces secondary taproots (Pino et al., 1995). Thereafter, the taproot system increases and divides. The clonal growth of one plant can affect large weed-covered areas (Bond and Turner, 2003). The regenerative power of R. obtusifolius lies in the hypocotyl. It is about 0.1 m long and located in the first section of the partially very complex underground organs (Roberts and Hughes, 1939). Stored reserve materials enable the plan...

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Influence of an injection system on the effect of activated soil steaming on Brassica juncea and the natural weed seedbank

Cited by 28 publications

References 13 publications

A prototype band-steaming machine: Design and field application

A prototype band-steaming machine: Design and field application

Effect of short‐duration high temperatures on weed seed germination

Optimisation of hot-water application technology for the control of broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius)

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