Influence of Aging Process on the Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Activity of Ginseng (<i>Panax ginseng</i> L.)

Bae, Han Ik; Chung, Soo Im; Lee, Sang Chul; Kang, Mi Young

doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12640

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Fresh ginseng roots (4 and 5 years old) were obtained from the Punggi Ginseng Cooperative Association (Yeongju, Korea). They were washed, placed in a plastic food container with a lid (15×20×10 cm) to keep them from drying out, and aged in an oven (SW 90D, Sang Woo Scientific Co., Bucheon, Korea) at 80°C with 70% relative humidity for 14 d. The aging temperature and time were selected based on the results of our previous study on the optimum aging processing conditions ( 11 ). The white and red ginseng samples (4 years old) were purchased from a local market in Daegu, Korea.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The red ginseng has been shown to have greater biological activity than the white ginseng due to its higher ginsenoside and phenolic contents ( 9 , 10 ). In our previous study, we found that aging could increase the amount of bioactive compounds and enhance the antioxidant activity of ginseng ( 11 ). The aging process involves heat treatment of ginseng roots in an oven for a specific period of time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Aged Ginseng (Panax ginseng)

Chung¹,

Kang²,

Lee³

2016

JFN

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Fresh ginseng roots were aged in an oven at 80°C for 14 d. The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of this aged ginseng, in comparison with those of the white and red ginsengs, were evaluated. In in vitro antioxidant assays, the ethanolic extracts from aged ginseng showed significantly higher free radical scavenging activity and reducing power than those of the white and red ginsengs. In in vivo antioxidant assays, mice were fed a high fat diet supplemented with white, red, or aged ginseng powders. High fat feeding resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and a substantial decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities in the animals. However, diet supplementation of ginseng powders, particularly aged ginseng, markedly reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced the antioxidant enzymes activities. The results illustrate that the aged ginseng has greater in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity than the white and red ginsengs. The aged ginseng also showed considerably higher total saponin, phenolic, and flavonoid contents, indicating that its antioxidant capacity may have been partly due to its high levels of antioxidant compounds. This new ginseng product may be useful as a functional food with strong antioxidant potential.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Aged Ginseng (Panax ginseng)

Chung¹,

Kang²,

Lee³

2016

JFN

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“…The main part of ginseng that has therapeutic effects is the root. Ginseng root has clinical and pharmacological effects such as anti-aging activity, anticancer activity, protection against circulatory shock effects; it also promotes immune function in human beings (Wang et al, 2005 ; Li et al, 2012 ; Kim and Cho, 2013 ; Bae et al, 2014 ). However, wild-type ginseng (W. Ginseng) is very scarce and unsustainable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic Analyses Provide Novel Insights into Plant Growth and Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Forest Cultivated Panax ginseng (F. Ginseng)

et al. 2016

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F. Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is planted in the forest to enhance the natural ginseng resources, which have an immense medicinal and economic value. The morphology of the cultivated plants becomes similar to that of wild growing ginseng (W. Ginseng) over the years. So far, there have been no studies highlighting the physiological or functional changes in F. Ginseng and its wild counterparts. In the present study, we used proteomic technologies (2DE and iTRAQ) coupled to mass spectrometry to compare W. Ginseng and F. Ginseng at various growth stages. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on protein abundance revealed that the protein expression profile of 25-year-old F. Ginseng was more like W. Ginseng than less 20-year-old F. Ginseng. We identified 192 differentially expressed protein spots in F. Ginseng. These protein spots increased with increase in growth years of F. Ginseng and were associated with proteins involved in energy metabolism, ginsenosides biosynthesis, and stress response. The mRNA, physiological, and metabolic analysis showed that the external morphology, protein expression profile, and ginsenoside synthesis ability of the F. Ginseng increased just like that of W. Ginseng with the increase in age. Our study represents the first characterization of the proteome of F. Ginseng during development and provides new insights into the metabolism and accumulation of ginsenosides.

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“…In previous reports, a common mixture of active ingredients was demonstrated to be ginsensosides [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The benefits of ginseng are attributed to bioactive compounds, such as ginsenosides, volatile oils, polyphenols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and vitamins [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In previous reports on physiological functions, ginseng exhibited anti-cancer [ 11 ], immunomodulatory [ 12 ], and antidiabetic [ 13 ] effects, and cardiovascular improvement [ 14 ] in delivering ginseng ginsenosides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changbai Mountain Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) Extract Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Energy Utilization and Decreases Fatigue-Associated Parameters in Mice

Ma¹,

Chiu

Hsu

et al. 2017

Molecules

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Changbai Mountain Ginseng (CMG, Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is a traditional medicine commonly found in Northeast China and grows at elevations of 2000 m or higher in the Changbai Mountain Range. CMG, considered to be a “buried treasure medicine”, is priced higher than other types of ginseng. However, few studies have demonstrated the effects of CMG supplementation on exercise performance, physical fatigue, and the biochemical profile. The major compound of CMG extract was characterized by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Male ICR mice were divided into 3 groups, the vehicle, CMG-1X and CMG-5X groups (n = 8 per group), and respectively administered 0, 5, or 25 mg/kg/day of CMG extract orally for four weeks. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS results showed that the major compound in CMG extract is ginsenoside Ro. CMG extract significantly increased muscle weight and relative muscle weight (%). CMG extract supplementation dose-dependently increased grip strength (p < 0.0001) and endurance swimming time, decreased levels of serum lactate (p < 0.0001), ammonia (p < 0.0001), creatine kinase (CK, p = 0.0002), and blood urea nitrogen (p < 0.0001), and economized glucose levels (p < 0.0001) after acute exercise challenge. The glycogen in the gastrocnemius muscle was significantly increased with CMG extract treatment. Biochemical profile results showed that creatinine and triacylglycerol significantly decreased and total protein and glucose increased with CMG treatment. This is the first report that CMG extract supplementation increases muscle mass, improves exercise performance and energy utilization, and decreases fatigue-associated parameters in vivo. The major component of CMG extract is ginsenoside Ro, which could be a potential bioactive compound for use as an ergogenic aid ingredient by the food industry.

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Influence of Aging Process on the Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Activity of Ginseng (Panax ginseng L.)

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Aged Ginseng (Panax ginseng)

In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Aged Ginseng (Panax ginseng)

Proteomic Analyses Provide Novel Insights into Plant Growth and Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Forest Cultivated Panax ginseng (F. Ginseng)

Changbai Mountain Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) Extract Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Energy Utilization and Decreases Fatigue-Associated Parameters in Mice

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