Influence of Age on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy Signaling: Established Paradigms and Unexpected Links

Lee, Eunjoo; Neppl, Ronald L.

doi:10.3390/genes12050688

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 332 publications

(397 reference statements)

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“…[71][72][73] Naturally, the rate of decline is influenced by comorbid conditions as well as genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. 35,47,74 Taken together, these lead to impaired muscle quality, diminished muscle remodeling, muscle atrophy, and loss of muscle fibers or motor neuronal units, which, in turn, translate into the development and progression of sarcopenia. 45,55,75,76 CLINICAL CONTRIBUTORS TO SARCOPENIA Sarcopenia is conceptualized as an age-related, multifaceted condition involving biological, environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic factors that collectively contribute to the loss of muscle mass and function.…”

Section: Neuronal Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases

Damluji

Alfaraidhy

Alhajri³

et al. 2023

Circulation

120

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Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle strength, mass, and function, which is often exacerbated by chronic comorbidities including cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancer. Sarcopenia is associated with faster progression of cardiovascular diseases and higher risk of mortality, falls, and reduced quality of life, particularly among older adults. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms are complex, the broad underlying cause of sarcopenia includes an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic muscle homeostasis with or without neuronal degeneration. The intrinsic molecular mechanisms of aging, chronic illness, malnutrition, and immobility are associated with the development of sarcopenia. Screening and testing for sarcopenia may be particularly important among those with chronic disease states. Early recognition of sarcopenia is important because it can provide an opportunity for interventions to reverse or delay the progression of muscle disorder, which may ultimately impact cardiovascular outcomes. Relying on body mass index is not useful for screening because many patients will have sarcopenic obesity, a particularly important phenotype among older cardiac patients. In this review, we aimed to: (1) provide a definition of sarcopenia within the context of muscle wasting disorders; (2) summarize the associations between sarcopenia and different cardiovascular diseases; (3) highlight an approach for a diagnostic evaluation; (4) discuss management strategies for sarcopenia; and (5) outline key gaps in knowledge with implications for the future of the field.

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Section: Neuronal Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases

Damluji

Alfaraidhy

Alhajri³

et al. 2023

Circulation

120

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“…Resistance training also fosters favorable mitochondrial adaptations in the elderly (summarized in ▶ table 2). Aging is linked with muscle loss (sarcopenia) and declined energy metabolism that may be associated with the decreased mTOR signals and mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle [67,68]. Given the prevalence of sarcopenia in the aging population and the positive effects of resistance training on muscle gains, resistance training is recommended to prevent the muscle loss for the older adults [69].…”

Section: Resistance Training Improves Mitochondrial Functions In the ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Training Improves Hypertrophic and Mitochondrial Adaptation in Skeletal Muscle

Zhao

2023

Int J Sports Med

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Resistance training is employed for pursuing muscle strength characterized by activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated hypertrophic signaling for protein production. Endurance training elevates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling of mitochondrial adaptations for oxidative phosphorylation. Now, emerging evidence suggests that, like endurance training, resistance training also elicits profound effects on mitochondrial adaptations in skeletal muscle, which means that resistance training yields both strength and endurance phenotypes in myofibers, which has treatment value for the muscle loss and poor aerobic capacity in humans. Our review outlines a brief overview of muscle hypertrophic signals with resistance training and focused on the effects of resistance training on mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration in skeletal muscle, providing novel insights into the therapeutic strategy of resistance training for the metabolically dysfunctional individuals with declined mitochondrial function.

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“…However, the nature of anabolic resistance is somewhat obscure, and there are profound differences of opinion about its causes and effects. Many investigators believe that the anabolic signals from the two major anabolic stimuli, resistance exercise, and amino acid (especially leucine) consumption, are suppressed [44] due to a lessened activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, in turn, decreased AKT signaling as well as mTOR. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is a primary stimulatory regulator of anabolic signals for muscle growth and inhibitor of muscle anabolism (Figure 1) [44].…”

Section: Sarcopenia and Glucose Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many investigators believe that the anabolic signals from the two major anabolic stimuli, resistance exercise, and amino acid (especially leucine) consumption, are suppressed [44] due to a lessened activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, in turn, decreased AKT signaling as well as mTOR. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is a primary stimulatory regulator of anabolic signals for muscle growth and inhibitor of muscle anabolism (Figure 1) [44]. The impairment of anabolic signaling pathways is a commonly held paradigm of anabolic resistance in skeletal muscle.…”

Section: Sarcopenia and Glucose Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcopenia Is a Cause and Consequence of Metabolic Dysregulation in Aging Humans: Effects of Gut Dysbiosis, Glucose Dysregulation, Diet and Lifestyle

Daily¹,

Park

2022

Cells

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Skeletal muscle mass plays a critical role in a healthy lifespan by helping to regulate glucose homeostasis. As seen in sarcopenia, decreased skeletal muscle mass impairs glucose homeostasis, but it may also be caused by glucose dysregulation. Gut microbiota modulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and various metabolites that affect the host metabolism, including skeletal muscle tissues, and may have a role in the sarcopenia etiology. Here, we aimed to review the relationship between skeletal muscle mass, glucose homeostasis, and gut microbiota, and the effect of consuming probiotics and prebiotics on the development and pathological consequences of sarcopenia in the aging human population. This review includes discussions about the effects of glucose metabolism and gut microbiota on skeletal muscle mass and sarcopenia and the interaction of dietary intake, physical activity, and gut microbiome to influence sarcopenia through modulating the gut–muscle axis. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome can regulate both skeletal muscle mass and function, in part through modulating the metabolisms of short-chain fatty acids and branch-chain amino acids that might act directly on muscle in humans or indirectly through the brain and liver. Dietary factors such as fats, proteins, and indigestible carbohydrates and lifestyle interventions such as exercise, smoking, and alcohol intake can both help and hinder the putative gut–muscle axis. The evidence presented in this review suggests that loss of muscle mass and function are not an inevitable consequence of the aging process, and that dietary and lifestyle interventions may prevent or delay sarcopenia.

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Influence of Age on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy Signaling: Established Paradigms and Unexpected Links

Cited by 6 publications

References 332 publications

Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases

Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases

Resistance Training Improves Hypertrophic and Mitochondrial Adaptation in Skeletal Muscle

Sarcopenia Is a Cause and Consequence of Metabolic Dysregulation in Aging Humans: Effects of Gut Dysbiosis, Glucose Dysregulation, Diet and Lifestyle

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