Influence of Adding Pyrroloquinoline Quinone to Parenteral Nutrition on Gut‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Abstract

Background: Experimental intravenous (IV) parenteral nutrition (PN) diminishes gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) cell number and function. PN solution cannot maintain GALT at the same level as a normal diet, even when delivered intragastrically (IG). Previous studies demonstrated pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)–deficient mice to be less immunologically responsive. Because standard (STD) PN solution lacks PQQ, PQQ supplementation may prevent PN‐induced GALT changes. This study was designed to determine the influence of adding PQQ to PN on GALT. Methods: In experiment 1, mice (n = 32) were randomized to chow, IV‐STD‐PN, and IV‐PQQ‐PN groups. The chow group was fed chow with the same caloric content as PN. The IV‐STD‐PN group received STD‐PN solution, whereas the IV‐PQQ‐PN group was given PQQ (3 mcg/d)–enriched PN by the IV route. After 5 days of feeding, lymphocytes were isolated from the Peyer's patch (PPs), intraepithelial space (IE), and lamina propria (LP) of the small intestine. GALT lymphocyte number and phenotype (αβTCR+, γδTCR+, CD4+, CD8+, B220+ cells) and intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) level were determined. In experiment 2, mice (n = 28) were randomized to IG‐STD‐PN or IG‐PQQ‐PN group. After IG nutrition supports, GALT mass and function were determined as in experiment 1. Results: The IV‐PQQ‐PN group showed increased PP lymphocyte number and PP CD8+ cell number compared with the IV‐STD PN group. The IG‐PQQ‐PN group had significantly greater PP lymphocyte number and PP CD4+ cell numbers than the IG‐STD‐PN group. Neither IV nor IG PQQ treatment raised IgA level. Conclusions: PQQ added to PN partly restores GALT mass, although its effects on GALT function remain unclear.

Effect of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium in sows on intestinal health of the offspring

“…Jiro Omata et al reported that PQQ is not included in parenteral nutrient solutions for clinically treated because it has not been proven to be an essential nutrient for the body. However, in patients receiving parenteral nutrition, it is possible to prevent gastrointestinal mucosal immune disorders exists by supplementation of PQQ [35]. Cytokines play a critical role in the immune response and inflammation and can be important mediators to prevent susceptibility to infection and some gastrointestinal dysfunctions happening [36].…”

Effect of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium in sows on intestinal health of the offspring

“…Jiro Omata et al reported that PQQ is not included in parenteral nutrient solutions for clinically treated because it has not been proven to be an essential nutrient for the body. However, in patients receiving parenteral nutrition, it is possible to prevent gastrointestinal mucosal immune disorders exists by supplementation of PQQ [35]. Cytokines play a critical role in the immune response and in ammation and can be important mediators to prevent susceptibility to infection and some gastrointestinal dysfunctions happening [36].…”

“…Across all samples, 472,760 quality sequences were of su cient quality for analysis. On average, 35,413 sequences per sample with a read length greater than 400 bp were obtained (Supplementary table 1). The top 15 phyla and genera in terms of relative abundance of the fecal bacteria are shown in Fig.…”

The Life History of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ): A Versatile Molecule with Novel Impacts on Living Systems

“…When PQQ supplemented orally in nano-amounts alleviates the mitogens of B and T cells [118]. PQQ treatment enhances IgA level, restores mass of GALT [119] and induce immunity against bacterial or viral invasion [120], subsequent suppression by increased levels of proteins induced by IFN-β via iNOS, JAK1 and STAT1 signaling pathways (Table 7). PQQ was involved in phosphorylation of 1KKβ, p38 and nF-kB as a pre-inflammatory retort of macrophages [121] increase the number of lymphocytes and CD8+ cells (Table 3) [19].…”

“…m-GDH in Escherichia coli have molecular structure and catalytic reaction site, N-terminal domain to anchor the domain in periplasmic t and activity shown by X-ray modeled structure of the α-subunit in PQQ active site [161][162][163][164][165]. The m-GDH of E.coli is a securely fixed with ubiquinone localized coenzyeme (PQQ) [120]. The structural designation of PQQ-GDH protein could be elucidated by Pfam, I-TASSER and Inter Pro Scan (Figure 22), [110].…”