Influence of acid ion-exchange resins morphology in a swollen state on the synthesis of ethyl octyl ether from ethanol and 1-octanol

Abstract

8Ethyl-octyl ether (EOE) liquid phase synthesis from ethanol and 1-octanol over ion-exchange 9resins is feasible at 423K, though di-ethyl ether and di-n-octyl ether were also formed. The 10 influence of the catalyst morphology on the reaction was checked by testing twenty-two acidic 11 resins. Gel-type resins of low crosslinking degree yielded the higher amounts of EOE, whereas 12 macroreticular ones of high crosslinking degree gave mainly di-ethyl ether. Ethanol conversion 13 highly depends on the resin acid capacity, [H + ], whereas 1-octanol conversion and selectivity to 14 EOE depends on the specific volume of swollen polymer, V sp , and porosity. The variation of 15 ethanol and 1-octanol conversion, selectivity to EOE with respect to both alcohols as well as 16 ethers TOF as a function of [H + ]/V sp suggests that a part of the active sites does not take part in 17 the EOE synthesis reaction on highly cross-linked resins. Amberlyst 70 could be interesting in 18 industry due to its selectivity to EOE and higher thermal stability. 19

Kinetics of 1-hexanol etherification on Amberlyst 70

“…1-hexene (≥ 99%) from Aldrich, trans-2-hexene (≥ 98%), cis-2-hexene (≥ 95%), trans-3-hexene ( 97%), cis-3-hexene (≥ 95%), and 2-methyl-1-pentanol (≥ 99%) were supplied by Fluka and used for analysis purposes. , mean bead diameter of 0.57 mm, and its maximum operating temperature is 473 K. Some structural properties can be found elsewhere [25].…”

Synthesis of Biomass‐Derived Ethers for Use as Fuels and Lubricants

“…Addition of diethyl ether to ethanol biodiesel blends also reduces the ignition delay, exhaust‐gas oxygen, smoke emissions, and particulate matter . Linear asymmetrical ethers such as ethyl octyl ether and butyl hexyl ether also have high cetane numbers and can be added to diesel blends …”

“…Various catalytic pathways involving condensation, reduction, acetalization, and dehydration have been identified for producing liquid fuels from biomass‐derived platform chemicals . Ethers have emerged as a class of molecules with excellent properties that can be used to meet the growing demands for gasoline additives, cetane enhancers for diesel fuel, automotive lubricants, and other valuable products …”

“…[2,[4][5][6] Various catalytic pathways involving condensation, reduction, acetalization, and dehydration have been identified for producing liquid fuels from biomass-derived platform chemicals. [6][7][8] Ethers have emerged as ac lass of molecules with excellent properties that can be used to meet the growing demands forg asoline additives, [9][10][11][12] cetane enhancers for diesel fuel, [13][14][15] automotive lubricants, [16,17] and other valuableproducts. [18][19][20] What makes ethers attractive for meeting these applications is that they can be produced from biomass-derived carbohydrates and triglycerides with am inimum consumption of molecular hydrogen, unlike the synthesis of fuels from the hydrogenationo ff uran-containing condensation products or aldol condensation products derived from biomass.…”

“…[44] Linear asymmetrical ethers such as ethyl octyl ether and butyl hexyl ether also have high cetane numbers and can be added to diesel blends. [13,14] For use as gasoline additives, short-chain branched ethers are suitable owing to their high octanen umbers. [10] The increaseds ubstitution of these ethers results in ah igher ignition delay,a llowing the fuel to be used in gasoline engines, which operate at high compression ratios.A ne xample is ethyl-tertbutyl ether (ETBE), which has an octanen umber of 112.…”