Influence of a Cross‐Cultural Training Course on Racial Identity Attitudes of White Women and Men: Preliminary Perspectives

Mental Health Practitioners: The Relationship Between White Racial Identity Attitudes and Self-Reported Multicultural Counseling Competencies

“…counseling competence because moving to a higher level or status in one has been shown to lead to the increase in functioning of the other (Brown et al, 1996;Neville et al, 1996;Parker et al, 1998;Vinson & Neimeyer, 2000). Therefore, counselor educators and individuals responsible for counselor preparation programs may need to consider including relevant discussions and curriculum related to racial identity attitude development in their training programs.…”

White Racial Identity and White Racial Consciousness: Similarities, Differences, and Recommendations

“…The continued work of Pope-Davis and colleagues has been important because the repeated use of the instrument by others has not always been accompanied by a full reporting of the scale reliabilities and intercorrelations. This practice of reporting Helms and Carter's 1990 data as authority, rather than the psychometric properties of new data, has been repeated throughout the literature (e.g., Brown, Parham, & Yonker, 1996;Carter, Gushue, & Weitzman, 1994;Parks, Carter, & Gushue, 1996;Taub & McEwen, 1992). As reviewers of some manuscripts critical of the WRIAS have suggested, any single negative result could be dismissed as being caused by unique sample characteristics or research protocols.…”

“…Unfortunately, there is commonly an uncritical acceptance that the instrument measures five discernible dimensions, even though empirical analyses strongly dispute this. Moreover, in attempts to incorporate White identity in applied research, psychometric deficiencies are often obscured and tenuous conclusions are drawn (e.g., Brown et al, 1996;Neville et al, 1996). The present situation may be largely attributed to the fact that the concept of White racial identity responds to a recognized need in the field and is particularly appealing because of the availability of a convenient measurement device.…”

On the developmental continuity/discontinuity of early adolescent patterns of racial identity salience : relations with later identities and psychosocial adjustment

“…It has been asserted in recent mental health counseling literature that the extent to which counselors are effective in promoting adaptive outcomes for clients is qualified by their ability to recognize underlying factors contributing to maladjustment (Vinson & Neimeyer, 2000). For health practitioners or mental health counselors working with racially and ethnically diverse populations, understanding not only how clients come to identify themselves but also how various psychosocial influences maintain that sense of identity is critical for effective counseling (Brown, Parham, & Yonker, 1996;Vinson & Neimeyer, 2000). This may require that counselors gain knowledge and understanding of particular modes and models of racial identity development, behavioral correlates of those identities, as well as a general comprehension of how such factors interact to produce challenges to adaptive development for individuals.…”

“…(Cicchetti & Rogosch 2002;Hargrow, 2001;Masten & Coatsworth, 1998;Vinson & Neimeyer, 2000). Furthermore, for counselors working with clients expressing diverse levels of racial identity salience, understanding not only how clients identify themselves racially, but also how a range of psychosocial influences have led to and maintain that sense of identity is critical for effective counseling (Brown, Parham, & Yonker, 1996;Vinson & Neimeyer, 2000 Whites, an emerging literature has illustrated significantly lower levels of availability, access, and use of health services in African-American communities (CDC, 2004a, b).…”