“…Lichens derive U and other radionuclides from coal-fired plant emissions (Gough and Erdman, 1977), U mines (Jeran et al, 1995;Beckett et al, 1982;Boileau et al, 1982;Fahselt et al, 1995), as a result of accidents (Looney et al, 1985) and from uraniferous substrates (McLean et al, 1998;Purvis et al, 2004a). U uptake by lichens is considered to be metabolism independent 'biosorption' (Suzuki and Banfield, 1999;Purvis et al, 2004a).…”