Inflationary primordial black holes for the LIGO gravitational wave events and pulsar timing array experiments

Abstract

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are one of the candidates to explain the gravitational wave (GW) signals observed by the LIGO detectors. Among several phenomena in the early Universe, cosmic inflation is a major example to generate PBHs from large primordial density perturbations. In this paper, we discuss the possibility to interpret the observed GW events as mergers of PBHs which are produced by cosmic inflation. The primordial curvature perturbation should be large enough to produce a sizable amount of PBHs and thus we have several other probes to test this scenario. We point out that the current pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments already put severe constraints on GWs generated via the second-order effects, and that the observation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) puts severe restriction on its µ distortion. In particular, it is found that the scalar power spectrum should have a very sharp peak at k ∼ 10 6 Mpc −1to fulfill the required abundance of PBHs while evading constraints from the PTA experiments together with the µ distortion. We propose a mechanism which can realize such a sharp peak. In the future, simple inflation models that generate PBHs via almost Gaussian fluctuations could be probed/excluded.

Gauge independence of induced gravitational waves

“…Table 1 summarizes the correspondence of the notations in this paper (as well as Refs. [14,18,19,42]) and in Ref. [41].…”

“…We take the convention in Refs. [14,42]. The comparison of the conventions in the literature is given in Appendix A.…”

“…We use the reduced Planck unit, c = = 8πG = 1, and basically follow the notations and conventions in Refs. [14,42].…”

Analytic description of primordial black hole formation from scalar field fragmentation

“…Such primordial black holes (PBHs) can account for all or part of the dark matter (DM) (e.g. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]). PBHs can be associated with a variety of astrophysical phenomena, including the recently discovered [21][22][23] gravitational waves (e.g.…”

Constraints on primordial curvature perturbations from primordial black hole dark matter and secondary gravitational waves

“…(2.16) and (2.17). In [17,24], the lower limit of the integrals (2.16) and (2.17) was chosen to be zero, i.e., it was assumed that the production of induced GWs begins long before the horizon reentry. If we take…”