Inflated pyroclasts in proximal fallout deposits reveal abrupt transitions in eruption behaviour

Jones, Thomas J.; Moigne, Yannick Le; Russell, James K.; Williams‐Jones, Glyn; Giordano, Daniele; Dingwell, Donald B.

doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30501-6

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The lavas erupted during the 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption show a high flowing ability due to the low‐viscosity typical of mafic and alkaline melts (Campagnola et al., 2016; Chevrel et al., 2015; Di Fiore, Vona, et al., 2021; Di Fiore, et al., 2022; Giordano & Dingwell, 2003; Ishibashi, 2009; Ishibashi & Sato, 2007; Jones et al., 2022; Kolzenburg, Di Genova, et al., 2018; Kolzenburg et al., 2016; Kurokawa et al., 2022; Sato, 2005; Sehlke et al., 2014; Vetere et al., 2019; Vona et al., 2011, 2017). Low viscosity also facilitates efficient degassing (Namiki et al., 2022) and promotes fast crystallization kinetics due to rapid chemical diffusion (Mollo & Hammer, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Constraints on the Rheology of Lavas From 2021 Cumbre Vieja Eruption (La Palma, Spain)

Fiore

Vona

Scarani

et al. 2023

Geophysical Research Letters

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The 2021 Tajogaite eruption of Cumbre Vieja (La Palma, Spain) was typified by the emission of low viscosity lavas that flowed at high velocities and inundated a large area. We experimentally investigated the rheological evolution of melt feeding the eruption through concentric cylinder viscometry to understand the exceptional flowing ability of these lavas and constrain its emplacement dynamics. We conducted a set of cooling deformation experiments at different cooling rates (from 0.1 to 10 °C/min), and isothermal deformation experiments at subliquidus dwell temperatures between 1225 and 1175°C. All experiments were conducted at a shear rate of 10 s−1. Results show that disequilibrium crystallization and its timescale fundamentally control the rheological evolution of the melt, resulting in different rheological response to deformation of the crystal‐bearing magmatic suspension. Integrating rheological data with field observations allows us to shed light on the mechanisms that govern the high flowability of these lavas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Constraints on the Rheology of Lavas From 2021 Cumbre Vieja Eruption (La Palma, Spain)

Fiore

Vona

Scarani

et al. 2023

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…This, in part, might be caused by the limited number of CTX‐based DEMs, which are crucial, as evidenced by this study, for structural mapping and quantitative morphological characterization. On Earth, in many cases, the formation of vent‐proximal volcanic deposits (e.g., spatter cones, ramparts, vent agglutinate, lava ponds/lakes) can be monitored and supplemented with eye‐witness accounts or constrained by sampling and petrological observations (e.g., Jones et al., 2017, 2018; Jones, Le Moigne, et al., 2022; Jones, Russell, et al., 2022; Carracedo Sánchez et al., 2012; Orr et al., 2015; Parcheta et al., 2012, 2015; Rader et al., 2018; Reynolds et al., 2016; Sumner, 1998; Sumner et al., 2005). Such an approach is clearly not possible on Mars today, and therefore, here we proposed a methodology to investigate small‐scale vent‐proximal volcanic landforms associated with volcanic linear structures (Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Morphology of Martian Pyroclastic Ramparts and Their Use in Determining Vent‐Proximal Eruption Dynamics

Pieterek,

Jones,

Wilson

2024

JGR Planets

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High‐resolution investigations of Late Amazonian volcanic landforms provide previously unrevealed insights into the dynamics of Martian volcanic eruptions. On Earth, the formation of vent‐proximal accumulations of spatter deposits is attributed to low‐intensity lava fountaining episodes representing eruptions on the very edge of explosive activity. Martian spatter deposits form small‐scale volcanic landforms that are rarely reported, and thus the dynamics of Martian mafic explosive eruptions are still not fully constrained. We conducted high‐resolution Context Camera‐based mapping coupled with a stereo‐pair‐generated digital elevation model to reconstruct the eruptive history of a fissure system and its associated products south of Ascraeus Mons, Mars. The studied volcanic fissure clearly demonstrates both explosive and effusive deposits and, in addition, is spatially associated with a lava channel. For the first time, these observations allowed us to conduct a comparative analysis of vent‐proximal volcanic products and reconstruct the late‐stage eruption dynamics of a fissure system. We found that the spatial distribution of the pyroclastic (spatter) rampart along the fissure vent is heterogeneous and generated using dynamic eruption processes. Moreover, the lava channel fed from the fissure vent shows evidence of successive lava overspills whose emplacement was topographically controlled. These observations suggest that, in contrast to the general inference that Amazonian‐age volcanism mainly involves effusive eruptions, explosive‐origin landforms might have been overlooked. Therefore, we argue that high‐resolution mapping of pyroclastic deposits may provide critical insights into understanding the dynamic nature of Martian fissure eruptions and explosive‐associated volatile release during the last stages of eruptions.

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“…A newly discovered type of proximal basaltic pyroclast, termed inflated pyroclasts, was identified on the Satellite cone and at a few locations on the main spatter ramparts (Jones et al, 2022). These are mm-to cm-size hyper-vesiculated pyroclasts (74% vesicularity on average) and are found intercalated between scoria deposits.…”

Section: Stratigraphy and Characteristics Of The Tephramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are mm-to cm-size hyper-vesiculated pyroclasts (74% vesicularity on average) and are found intercalated between scoria deposits. They are thought to be the result of low energy bubble bursts from low viscosity magma (Jones et al, 2022).…”

Section: Stratigraphy and Characteristics Of The Tephramentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronology and Eruption Dynamics of the Historic∼1700 CE Eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

et al. 2022

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Despite having relatively short timespans of eruptions, monogenetic volcanoes can pose significant risks to the nearby population. Here, we describe the ∼1700 CE eruption of Tseax volcano, British Columbia, which killed up to 2,000 people of the Nisga’a First Nation and is ranked as Canada’s worst natural disaster. Within the Nisga’a culture, Adaawak stories preserve an observational account of the Tseax eruption. In this study, we establish the chronology of the eruption by integrating field observations and petrophysical data informed by Nisga’a oral and written histories. The Nisga’a stories corroborate the short duration and exceptional intensity of the eruption as recorded in the volcanic products. The eruption was divided in two main periods: 1) Period A and 2) Period B. 1) The eruption started in a typical Hawaiian style with low levels of lava fountaining that built up a spatter rampart. This pyroclastic edifice was breached by voluminous pāhoehoe lavas erupted at high discharge rates. We estimate that almost half of the emplaced lava volume (0.20 km3) was erupted in Period A and had a flux of 800–1,000 m3/s. The low viscosity lava reached the Nass Valley, 20 km downstream of the volcano, in “swift currents”, and engulfed the former Nisga’a villages in only 1–3 days, thus likely being responsible for the reported fatalities. The discharge rates progressively diminished to 10–200 m3/s until the end of this first eruptive period, which lasted a few weeks to a few hundred days. 2) The Period B eruption produced two ‘a‘ā lavas with discharge rates <50 m3/s. This period was also characterised by an explosive phase of eruption that built a 70 m high tephra cone overlapping with a spatter rampart; Period B lasted approximately 20 days. In total, the eruption produced 0.5 km3 of volcanic materials (mostly in the form of lava flows) on the order of weeks to a few months. The mountainous terrain significantly controlled the emplacement of lava flows that reached long distances in a short amount of time. Our work shows that, under certain conditions, eruptions of small-volume monogenetic volcanoes ca pose risks comparable to flank eruptions on long-lived shield volcanoes.

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Inflated pyroclasts in proximal fallout deposits reveal abrupt transitions in eruption behaviour

Cited by 7 publications

References 73 publications

Experimental Constraints on the Rheology of Lavas From 2021 Cumbre Vieja Eruption (La Palma, Spain)

Experimental Constraints on the Rheology of Lavas From 2021 Cumbre Vieja Eruption (La Palma, Spain)

The Morphology of Martian Pyroclastic Ramparts and Their Use in Determining Vent‐Proximal Eruption Dynamics

Chronology and Eruption Dynamics of the Historic∼1700 CE Eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

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