Inflammatory Signaling in Hypertension: Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Biosynthesis

Abstract

The immune system is increasingly recognized for its role in the genesis and progression of hypertension. The adrenal gland is a major site that coordinates the stress response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal system. Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla function in the neuro-hormonal regulation of blood pressure and have a well-established link to hypertension. The immune system has an active role in the progression of hypertension and cytokines are powerful modulators of adrenal cell function. Adrenal medullary cells integrate neural, hormonal, and immune signals. Changes in adrenal cytokines during the progression of hypertension may promote blood pressure elevation by influencing catecholamine biosynthesis. This review highlights the potential interactions of cytokine signaling networks with those of catecholamine biosynthesis within the adrenal, and discusses the role of cytokines in the coordination of blood pressure regulation and the stress response.

Associations of occupational stress with job burn-out, depression and hypertension in coal miners of Xinjiang, China: a cross-sectional study

“… 33 Continuous stimulation of the stress state can activate the sympathetic nerve-adrenal medullary axis and release large amounts of catecholamine through the psychology neuroendocrine mechanism, which promotes the secretion of adrenalin and causes the corresponding changes in physiological functions. 34 …”

The receptor tyrosine kinase EPHB6 regulates catecholamine exocytosis in adrenal gland chromaffin cells

“…In recent years, chronic stress (53,54) and systemic sterile low-level chronic inflammation are found to be significant contributing factors of primary hypertension (55). These conditions are associated with elevated blood NE levels derived from the nervous system, but increased Epi levels from AGCCs are also often observed (62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67). In a mouse model, augmented catecholamine release from AGCCs caused by TRPM4 deletion has been shown to cause hypertension (68).…”

Anti-Stress, Glial- and Neuro-Differentiation Potential of Resveratrol: Characterization by Cellular, Biochemical and Imaging Assays

“…These granules are known to cause permanent proteinopathies, not limiting to amyloidosis and dementia. Adrenaline or epinephrine is one of the shock-response α-/β-adrenergic agonist catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla in times commonly referred to as three Fs (flight, fight, and fright) [6]. It stimulates the surface αand β-adrenergic receptors and results in vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, and intra-ocular hypotension.…”