Inflammatory Reaction Induced by Two Metalloproteinases Isolated from Bothrops atrox Venom and by Fragments Generated from the Hydrolysis of Basement Membrane Components

Almeida, Michelle; Freitas-de-Sousa, Luciana Aparecida; Colombini, Mônica; Gimenes, Sarah Natalie Cirilo; Kitano, Eduardo S.; Faquim-Mauro, Eliana L.; Serrano, Solange M.T.; Moura-da-Silva, Ana Maria

doi:10.3390/toxins12020096

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The action of the B. atrox venom (BaV) or isolated toxins are responsible for the activation of the inflammatory response by mechanisms that involve direct leukocyte activation or signaling by VAMPs or fragments of cell damage or hydrolysis of extracellular components ( 43 – 45 ). As a consequence of this leukocyte stimulation, migration of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages to the lesion site is observed, as well as the synthesis and release of several inflammatory mediators, such as chemokines (CXCL-8, CXCL-1, and CXCL-2), components of the complement system (C1q, C3a, C4a, and C5a), cytokines (IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and INF-γ) and lipid mediators (PGE2, LTB4, and CysLeucotrienes) ( 6 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 47 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlating Fibrinogen Consumption and Profiles of Inflammatory Molecules in Human Envenomation's by Bothrops atrox in the Brazilian Amazon

et al. 2020

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Snakebites are considered a major public health problem worldwide. In the Amazon region of Brazil, the snake Bothrops atrox ( B. atrox ) is responsible for 90% of the bites. These bites may cause local and systemic signs from acute inflammatory reaction and hemostatic changes, and present common hemorrhagic disorders. These alterations occur due the action of hemostatically active and immunogenic toxins which are capable of triggering a wide range of hemostatic and inflammatory events. However, the crosstalk between coagulation disorders and inflammatory reaction still has gaps in snakebites. Thus, the goal of this study was to describe the relationship between the consumption of fibrinogen and the profile of inflammatory molecules (chemokines and cytokines) in evenomations by B. atrox snakebites. A prospective study was carried out with individuals who had suffered B. atrox snakebites and presented different levels of fibrinogen consumption (normal fibrinogen [NF] and hypofibrinogenemia [HF]). Seventeen patients with NF and 55 patients with HF were eligible for the study, in addition to 50 healthy controls (CG). The molecules CXCL-8, CCL-5, CXCL-9, CCL-2, CXCL-10, IL-6, TNF, IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A were quantified in plasma using the CBA technique at three different times (pre-antivenom therapy [T0], 24 h [T1], and 48 h [T2] after antivenom therapy). The profile of the circulating inflammatory response is different between the groups studied, with HF patients having higher concentrations of CCL-5 and lower IFN-γ. In addition, antivenom therapy seems to have a positive effect, leading to a profile of circulating inflammatory response similar in quantification of T1 and T2 on both groups. Furthermore, these results suggest that a number of interactions of CXCL-8, CXCL-9, CCL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ in HF patients are directly affected by fibrinogen levels, which may be related to the inflammatory response and coagulation mutual relationship induced by B. atrox venom. The present study is the first report on inflammation-coagulation crosstalk involving snakebite patients and supports the better understanding of envenomation's pathophysiology mechanisms and guides in the search for novel biomarkers and prospective therapies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlating Fibrinogen Consumption and Profiles of Inflammatory Molecules in Human Envenomation's by Bothrops atrox in the Brazilian Amazon

et al. 2020

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“…Interestingly, this study did not find a significant elevation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Previous work has shown a relationship between increasing TNF and SBE (72)(73)(74). Our unanticipated finding may be due to the predominant species enrolled in this study, Agkistrodon contortrix, is known to typically have a less severe clinical course.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Association of a Network of Immunologic Response and Clinical Features With the Functional Recovery From Crotalinae Snakebite Envenoming

Gerardo

Silvius²,

Schobel

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundThe immunologic pathways activated during snakebite envenoming (SBE) are poorly described, and their association with recovery is unclear. The immunologic response in SBE could inform a prognostic model to predict recovery. The purpose of this study was to develop pre- and post-antivenom prognostic models comprised of clinical features and immunologic cytokine data that are associated with recovery from SBE. Materials and MethodsWe performed a prospective cohort study in an academic medical center emergency department. We enrolled consecutive patients with Crotalinae SBE and obtained serum samples based on previously described criteria for the Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i)(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02182180). We assessed a standard set of clinical variables and measured 35 unique cytokines using Luminex Cytokine 35-Plex Human Panel pre- and post-antivenom administration. The Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), a well-validated patient-reported outcome of functional recovery, was assessed at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and the area under the patient curve (PSFS AUPC) determined. We performed Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) modeling to represent relationships with a diagram composed of nodes and arcs. Each node represents a cytokine or clinical feature and each arc represents a joint-probability distribution (JPD).ResultsTwenty-eight SBE patients were enrolled. Preliminary results from 24 patients with clinical data, 9 patients with pre-antivenom and 11 patients with post-antivenom cytokine data are presented. The group was mostly female (82%) with a mean age of 38.1 (SD ± 9.8) years. In the pre-antivenom model, the variables most closely associated with the PSFS AUPC are predominantly clinical features. In the post-antivenom model, cytokines are more fully incorporated into the model. The variables most closely associated with the PSFS AUPC are age, antihistamines, white blood cell count (WBC), HGF, CCL5 and VEGF. The most influential variables are age, antihistamines and EGF. Both the pre- and post-antivenom models perform well with AUCs of 0.87 and 0.90 respectively.DiscussionPre- and post-antivenom networks of cytokines and clinical features were associated with functional recovery measured by the PSFS AUPC over 28 days. With additional data, we can identify prognostic models using immunologic and clinical variables to predict recovery from SBE.

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“…The effect of the series of actions on hemostasis is characterized by the installation of consumption coagulopathy responsible for local and systemic bleeding ( 42 , 43 ). Toxins are responsible for the direct stimulation of leukocytes, acting as VAMPs (venom associated molecular patterns), and acting on inflammatory components of the complement system, in addition to indirect action via the production of DAMPs (damage-associate molecular patterns) through proteolytic action on cellular and extracellular components ( 44 , 45 ).…”

Section: Venom Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-Derived Toxin Inhibitors as Potential Candidates to Complement Antivenom Treatment in Snakebite Envenomations

et al. 2022

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Snakebite envenomations (SBEs) are a neglected medical condition of global importance that mainly affect the tropical and subtropical regions. Clinical manifestations include pain, edema, hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, and neurotoxic signs, and may evolve to functional loss of the affected limb, acute renal and/or respiratory failure, and even death. The standard treatment for snake envenomations is antivenom, which is produced from the hyperimmunization of animals with snake toxins. The inhibition of the effects of SBEs using natural or synthetic compounds has been suggested as a complementary treatment particularly before admission to hospital for antivenom treatment, since these alternative molecules are also able to inhibit toxins. Biodiversity-derived molecules, namely those extracted from medicinal plants, are promising sources of toxin inhibitors that can minimize the deleterious consequences of SBEs. In this review, we systematically synthesize the literature on plant metabolites that can be used as toxin-inhibiting agents, as well as present the potential mechanisms of action of molecules derived from natural sources. These findings aim to further our understanding of the potential of natural products and provide new lead compounds as auxiliary therapies for SBEs.

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Inflammatory Reaction Induced by Two Metalloproteinases Isolated from Bothrops atrox Venom and by Fragments Generated from the Hydrolysis of Basement Membrane Components

Cited by 25 publications

References 58 publications

Correlating Fibrinogen Consumption and Profiles of Inflammatory Molecules in Human Envenomation's by Bothrops atrox in the Brazilian Amazon

Correlating Fibrinogen Consumption and Profiles of Inflammatory Molecules in Human Envenomation's by Bothrops atrox in the Brazilian Amazon

Association of a Network of Immunologic Response and Clinical Features With the Functional Recovery From Crotalinae Snakebite Envenoming

Plant-Derived Toxin Inhibitors as Potential Candidates to Complement Antivenom Treatment in Snakebite Envenomations

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