Inflammatory Markers and Atherogenic Coefficient: Early Markers of Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Background: Considering the close link between metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and cardiovascular diseases, considerable attention has been devoted to the identification of their shared underlying pathological mechanisms in recent decades. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between pro-inflammatory factors and newly-diagnosed MetSyn. Methods: This case-control study recruited obese and nonobese individuals who were newly diagnosed with MetSyn (cases, n = 84) and healthy individuals (controls, n = 83). The medical and sociodemographic data of the participants were collected on enrollment. Serum analysis was performed to ascertain the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and atherogenic coefficient (AC). Multiple regression analysis was carried out to explore the relationship between inflammatory markers and AC with MetSyn odds. The Pearson correlation test was also performed to investigate the correlations between metabolic and inflammatory parameters. Results: Positive relationships were observed between the serum levels of TNF-α and CRP with the odds of MetSyn following controlling for confounders (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 - 1.72; AOR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.18 - 1.41; respectively, P ≤ 0.03). Additionally, higher AC was accompanied by increased odds of MetSyn (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.31 - 2.98; P = 0.001). The Pearson correlation analysis also showed positive correlations between TNF-α levels and serum metabolic abnormalities, including elevated LDL-C, FBS, and AC and lowered HDL-C levels (P ≤ 0.02). Conclusions: The present results revealed that higher serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory and atherogenic indices, including CRP, TNF-α, and AC, might be associated with elevated odds of newly diagnosed MetSyn regardless of potential confounders, particularly body mass index. The obtained findings might be moderated by the positive correlations observed between serum TNF-α, as the chronic inflammatory state indicator, and impaired lipid and glycemic markers.

Differences in Long-Term Heart Rate Variability between Subjects with and without Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Different studies have concluded that low values in VLF are related to worse clinical outcomes in different pathological conditions, providing even greater prognostic value than LF or HF [13,[42][43][44]. Likewise, an inverse relationship between VLF and proinflammatory states has been reported in several studies [45][46][47], which could be related with MS, since it is considered a condition which coexists with a low-grade chronic inflammatory processes [47].…”

Association between pan-immune-inflammation value and hyperlipidemia in the United States population

“…Meanwhile, modi ed LDLs had the ability to activate the toll-like receptors, thereby priming the Nod-like receptor protein 3 in ammasomes and ultimately lead to the activation of interleukin-1β and secondary in ammatory responses [19]. In newly diagnosed patients with metabolic syndrome, there were associations between TNF-α and fasting blood glucose (r = 0.179, P = 0.021), LDL-C (r = 0.199, P = 0.01), atherogenic index (r = 0.219, P = 0.004), TG (r = 0.351, P < 0.001), and HDL-C (r = -0.244, P = 0.001) [20]. Among individuals without severe cardiovascular risks, there was a positive association between serum TG and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0.298, P < 0.001) [21].…”

Early postoperative cognitive decline—are there any preventive strategies for surgical patients in the emergency setting?

“…More recent reports indicate that tau protein/β-amyloid ratio increases in the cerebro spinal fluid after a surgical procedure, independent of the class of anesthetic used, additionally raising doubt about the foretelling quality of the biomarkers [1,14]. Chronic inflammatory disorders such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome or atherosclerosis have been pinpointed as favouring factors for postoperative cognitive decline, as well as anesthetic drugs, duration of the surgical procedure and pain [15,16]. No significant difference was found between emergency or elective surgery settings in regards to the incidence of early postoperative cognitive decline [17].…”