Inflammatory damage on respiratory and nervous systems due to hRSV infection

Böhmwald, Karen; Espinoza, Javier; Becerra, Daniela; Rivera, Katherine; Lay, Margarita K.; Bueno, Susan M.; Riedel, Claudia A.; Kalergis, Alexis M.

doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.003

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…For influenza the situation is slightly different, since this virus elicits protective immunity [172]; however, its genetic drift and shift causes new strains that are not, or inefficiently, recognized by existing influenza immunity which generally means that individuals will experience multiple influenza infections in the course of their lives. Besides contributing to the problem of limited immunological protection, viral innate immune evasion may also contribute to often reported immune over-reactions associated with respiratory infections, including cytokine storms, damaging inflammation, and other severe complications [181][182][183][184]. Some studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections in patients suggest that the delayed innate immune response that is the result of temporary suppression by innate immune evasion, contributes to an exacerbated response [144].…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses

2019

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The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant. Yet, in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as other viral and bacterial diseases, prophylactic vaccines or effective antiviral treatments against viral respiratory infections are either still not available, or provide only limited protection. Given the widespread prevalence, a general lack of natural sterilizing immunity, and/or high morbidity and lethality rates of diseases caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses, this difficult situation is a genuine societal challenge. A thorough understanding of the virushost interactions during these respiratory infections will most probably be pivotal to ultimately meet these challenges. This review attempts to provide a comparative overview of the knowledge about an important part of the interaction between respiratory viruses and their host: the arms race between host innate immunity and viral innate immune eva-

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Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses

2019

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“…Remarkably, extra-pulmonary manifestations associated with hRSV infection have been systematically reported, including the reference of cardiovascular complications such as arrhythmias and myocardial failures [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], liver complications leading to hepatitis in children [ 17 , 18 ], and central nervous system damage, leading to encephalopathies and impaired learning [ 19 ]. Consistently with this notion, viral RNA can be detected in both cardiovascular and central nervous system tissues [ 20 , 21 ]. Furthermore, among the long lasting sequelae of hRSV infection in children is the induction of asthma and chronic allergic inflammation in the airways as a result of severe bronchiolitis after exposure to hRSV [ 22 ].…”

Section: General Features Of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Hrmentioning

confidence: 74%

New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV

Gálvez

Soto

Kalergis

2017

IJMS

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Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is one of the major causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) worldwide, leading to significant levels of immunocompromisation as well as morbidity and mortality in infants. Its main target of infection is the ciliated epithelium of the lungs and the host immune responses elicited is ineffective at achieving viral clearance. It is thought that the lack of effective immunity against hRSV is due in part to the activity of several viral proteins that modulate the host immune response, enhancing a Th2-like pro-inflammatory state, with the secretion of cytokines that promote the infiltration of immune cells to the lungs, with consequent damage. Furthermore, the adaptive immunity triggered by hRSV infection is characterized by weak cytotoxic T cell responses and secretion of low affinity antibodies by B cells. These features of hRSV infection have meant that, to date, no effective and safe vaccines have been licensed. In this article, we will review in detail the information regarding hRSV characteristics, pathology, and host immune response, along with several prophylactic treatments and vaccine prototypes. We will also expose significant data regarding the newly developed BCG-based vaccine that promotes protective cellular and humoral response against hRSV infection, which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.

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“…Commonly, afflicted children require supportive care, accompanied with supplemental oxygen and, in extreme cases, the use of mechanical ventilation (Krilov 2011). Remarkably, extrapulmonary symptoms have also been described for this disease, including cardiovascular complications in young infants (Gálvez et al 2017;Puchkov and Min'kovich 1972;Suda et al 1993;Donnerstein et al 1994), hepatitis -associated with liver complications- (Gálvez et al 2017;Eisenhut and Thorburn 2002;Eisenhut et al 2004), hyponatremia (Hanna et al 2007) and alterations in the central nervous system (CNS), such as seizures (Cha et al 2019), encephalopathy and encephalitis (Bohmwald et al 2015). Additionally, hRSV infections can result in impaired learning capacities, as described in murine models (Gálvez et al 2017;Bohmwald et al 2018;Espinoza et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody development for preventing the human respiratory syncytial virus pathology

Soto

Gálvez

Pacheco

et al. 2020

Mol Med

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Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most important etiological agent causing hospitalizations associated with respiratory diseases in children under 5 years of age as well as the elderly, newborns and premature children are the most affected populations. This viral infection can be associated with various symptoms, such as fever, coughing, wheezing, and even pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Due to its severe symptoms, the need for mechanical ventilation is not uncommon in clinical practice. Additionally, alterations in the central nervous system-such as seizures, encephalopathy and encephalitis-have been associated with cases of hRSV-infections. Furthermore, the absence of effective vaccines or therapies against hRSV leads to elevated expenditures by the public health system and increased mortality rates for the high-risk population. Along these lines, vaccines and therapies can elicit different responses to this virus. While hRSV vaccine candidates seek to promote an active immune response associated with the achievement of immunological memory, other therapies-such as the administration of antibodies-provide a protective environment, although they do not trigger the activation of the immune system and therefore do not promote an immunological memory. An interesting approach to vaccination is the use of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which inhibit the entry of the pathogen into the host cells, therefore impairing the capacity of the virus to replicate. Currently, the most common molecule targeted for antibody design against hRSV is the F protein of this virus. However, other molecular components of the virus-such as the G or the N hRSV proteins-have also been explored as potential targets for the control of this disease. Currently, palivizumab is the only monoclonal antibody approved for human use. However, studies in humans have shown a protective effect only after the administration of at least 3 to 5 doses, due to the stability of this vaccine. Furthermore, other studies suggest that palivizumab only has an effectiveness close to 50% in high-risk infants. In this work, we will review different strategies addressed for the use of antibodies in a prophylactic or therapeutic context and their ability to prevent the symptoms caused by hRSV infection of the airways, as well as in other tissues such as the CNS.

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Inflammatory damage on respiratory and nervous systems due to hRSV infection

Cited by 17 publications

References 52 publications

Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses

Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses

New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV

Antibody development for preventing the human respiratory syncytial virus pathology

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