Inflammatory Cytokines and Biodegradable Scaffolds in Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells Priming

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with wide-ranging clinical applications due to their ability to regenerate tissue from mesenchymal origin and their capability of suppressing immune responses, thus reducing the likelihood of graft versus host disease after transplantation. MSCs can be isolated from a variety of sources including bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, and immature teeth. Dental stem cells (DSCs) possess progenitor and immunomodulatory abilities as the other MSC types and because they can be easily isolated, are considered as attractive therapeutic agents in regenerative dentistry. Recently, it has been shown that DSCs seeded onto newly developed synthetic biomaterial scaffolds have retained their potential for proliferation and at the same time have enhanced capabilities for differentiation and immunosuppression. The scaffolds are becoming more efficient at MSC priming as researchers learn how short peptide sequences alter the adhesive and proliferative capabilities of the scaffolds by stimulating or inhibiting classical osteogenic pathways. New findings on how to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment, which can prime DSCs for differentiation, combined with the use of next generation scaffolds may significantly improve their therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding DSCs as a potential regenerative therapy, including stem cell priming with inflammatory cytokines, types of scaffolds currently being explored and the modulation of scaffolds to regulate immune response and promote growth.

Dental stem cells: The role of biomaterials and scaffolds in developing novel therapeutic strategies

“…A large number of investigations have been carried out to reconstruct the stem cell microenvironment to strengthen the viability, proliferation, and appropriate differentiation of the transplanted cells for successful cell therapy[ 59 ]. In this context, ECM scaffolds can form a desirable microenvironment for DSCs, which serve as a more favorable template for tissue repair and reconstruction[ 60 , 61 ]. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the role of different biomaterials used to deliver DSCs to damaged tissue and their applications to improve, restore, and maintain tissue or organ reconstruction.…”

Evolving Strategies and Materials for Scaffold Development in Regenerative Dentistry

“…Dental stem cells (DSCs) can be retrieved from several parts of the oral cavity, e.g., from deciduous teeth, apical papillae, and periapical cysts. Apart from DSCs, adipose tissue stem cells (ADSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCS) and exosomes, which are small membrane vesicles isolated from cells, are of greatest importance in regenerative dentistry [33,103,104].…”

“…MSCs derived from human inflamed periapical cysts (hPCy-MSCs) seeded onto PLAmineral doped (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), and/or hydraulic calcium silicate (CaSi)) scaffolds promoted higher DMP-1 and RUNX-2 activity, resulting in better osteogenesis and cell proliferation rates [33]. Kanjevac et al studied a short peptide sequence with the potential to activate and inhibit osteogenesis [104].…”

Variation of the Cytokine Profiles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Between Different Groups of Periodontally Healthy Teeth

“…The main structural units of PDL are periodontal fibers and intercellular matrix with reach cellular content including fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, cementoblasts and cementoclasts responsible for formation and remodeling of PDL, cement and alveolar bone (7). The activity of these cells is regulated by proprioceptors stimulated by occlusal forces via cytokine networks and corresponding autocrine/paracrine mechanisms (8,9). In brief, stimulation of the mechanoreceptors leads to the local release of balanced concentrations of neuropeptides, growth factors and cytokines with subsequent physiological remodeling of the periodontal tissues (8,10).…”