Inflammatory bowel diseases, the hygiene hypothesis and the other side of the microbiota: Parasites and fungi

Panelli, Simona; Epis, Sara; Cococcioni, Lucia; Perini, Matteo; Paroni, Moira; Bandi, Claudio; Drago, Lorenzo; Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo

doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104962

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“… 4 – 6 Preliminary evidence suggests that parasites may play a role in many GI pathologies, such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 7 …”

Section: Human Gut Protozoa and Helminths: From Parasitism To Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Protective immune response to most parasites often occurs in the case of mucosal invasion and this mainly involves secretion of cytokines by the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). 7 Specific cytokines recruit innate immune cells including neutrophils and macrophages, leading to subsequent effector responses. Recently, tuft cells were also identified as early responders to protozoan and helminth infections.…”

Section: The Parasitome As An Immunological Drivermentioning

confidence: 99%

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How the gut parasitome affects human health

Ianiro

Iorio

Porcari

et al. 2022

Therap Adv Gastroenterol

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The human gut microbiome (GM) is a complex ecosystem that includes numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic inhabitants. The composition of GM can influence an array of host physiological functions including immune development. Accumulating evidence suggest that several members of non-bacterial microbiota, including protozoa and helminths, that were earlier considered as pathogens, could have a commensal or beneficial relationship with the host. Here we examine the most recent data from omics studies on prokaryota-meiofauna-host interaction as well as the impact of gut parasitome on gut bacterial ecology and its role as ‘immunological driver’ in health and disease to glimpse new therapeutic perspectives.

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“… 4 – 6 Preliminary evidence suggests that parasites may play a role in many GI pathologies, such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 7 …”

Section: Human Gut Protozoa and Helminths: From Parasitism To Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Parasitome As An Immunological Drivermentioning

confidence: 99%

How the gut parasitome affects human health

Ianiro

Iorio

Porcari

et al. 2022

Therap Adv Gastroenterol

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“…Nello specifico, sono state utilizzate cellule macro-fagiche di mammifero altamente suscettibili all'infezione da parte di leishmania: cellule al cui interno questo parassita si moltiplica in modo efficace. Esponendo queste cellule a WSP si osservava una loro forte attivazione, con inibizione della crescita di leishmania e sua degenerazione, con esiti protettivi in parte sovrapponibili a quelli determinati dall'Amfotericina B, un farmaco di scelta per la cura della leishmaniosi (lo studio in effetti prevedeva la somministrazione di WSP alle cellule attraverso la sua produzione da parte del batterio Asaia, utilizzato come piattaforma di espressione e veicolo vaccinale; si tratta di dettagli a cui il lettore interessato potrà accedere attraverso la lettura dell'articolo di Varotto-Boccazzi et al 2020 [11] e di Epis et al 2020 [16]).…”

Section: Dalla "Hygiene Hypothesis" Alla Ricerca DI Molecole Ad Azione Immunomodulante Associate Ai Parassitiunclassified

“…Il concetto del disadattamento evolutivo, in relazione nello specifico alla riduzione della prevalenza dei "dirty old friends", costituisce il background teorico per la "hygiene hypothesis" (ipotesi dell'igiene). Proposta da Strachan nel 1989, la "hygiene hypothesis" prevede che l'aumento dell'incidenza di malattie infiammatorie e autoimmuni nel corso del XX secolo sia stato causato dalla ridotta esposizione ai parassiti e ad una varietà microrganismi quasi-patogeni o commensali nei paesi industrializzati [9] [10] [11]. Tra queste patologie, le malattie infiammatorie intestinali ("Inflammatory Bowel Diseases" -IBD) occupano una posizione di rilievo, verosimilmente in relazione alla stretta interazione tra le comunità microbiche (ed eventualmente parassitarie) presenti nell'intestino e la risposta immune, e quindi eventualmente infiammatoria, a livello della mucosa intestinale.…”

Section: Introduzione: Disadattamento Evolutivo E Ipotesi Dell'igieneunclassified

I Parassiti Nella Storia Dell'uomo: Infezioni Del Passato, Malattie Nel Presente

Bandi

Bisaglia

Alvaro

2021

SCIENZE

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This article will present the concept of evolutionary mismatch, in relation to the reduction in the circulation of pathogenic (or quasi-pathogenic) microorganisms and macro-parasites in human populations, throughout human and pre-human history. In particular, we will refer to the variegated community of parasites and microorganisms, prokaryotes or eukaryotes, pathogenic or only marginally or occasionally pathogenic, which evolved as inhabitants of our bodies together with us human beings and our ancestors. For simplicity, we will generically refer to these organisms as parasites. These organisms, once present endemically in the populations of our species, are believed to have developed a complex network of interactions with our physiological systems, particularly with regard to stimulation of the immune system. In this dynamic, the host organism, in turn, would have evolved countermeasures to the chronic presence of parasites, with a bias towards the modulation of the immune response, somehow specific for the different types of stimulation determined by the parasites. The drastic reduction in the circulation of parasites in industrialized societies would therefore have left an imbalanced immune system behind it. According to this view, which we can refer to as the â€œhygiene hypothesisâ€, the increase in the incidence of various immune-mediated diseases in industrialized countries would be attributable, at least in part, to this imbalance of the immune function.

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“…We then discuss the necessity of benchmarking procedures and establishing reproducible and robust analysis workflows to increase comparability. This issue has also been addressed in the context of gut microbiota studies [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], but it has been largely overlooked for skin microbiota for various reasons and because of specific technical problems that are discussed. This review includes an overview of the main dermatological diseases, the changes in the microbiota composition that have been associated with them so far, and the recommended sampling procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Journey on the Skin Microbiome: Pitfalls and Opportunities

Pistone

Meroni

Panelli

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The human skin microbiota is essential for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring barrier functions. Over the years, the characterization of its composition and taxonomic diversity has reached outstanding goals, with more than 10 million bacterial genes collected and cataloged. Nevertheless, the study of the skin microbiota presents specific challenges that need to be addressed in study design. Benchmarking procedures and reproducible and robust analysis workflows for increasing comparability among studies are required. For various reasons and because of specific technical problems, these issues have been investigated in gut microbiota studies, but they have been largely overlooked for skin microbiota. After a short description of the skin microbiota, the review tackles methodological aspects and their pitfalls, covering NGS approaches and high throughput culture-based techniques. Recent insights into the “core” and “transient” types of skin microbiota and how the manipulation of these communities can prevent or combat skin diseases are also covered. Finally, this review includes an overview of the main dermatological diseases, the changes in the microbiota composition associated with them, and the recommended skin sampling procedures. The last section focuses on topical and oral probiotics to improve and maintain skin health, considering their possible applications for skin diseases.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases, the hygiene hypothesis and the other side of the microbiota: Parasites and fungi

Cited by 21 publications

References 96 publications

How the gut parasitome affects human health

How the gut parasitome affects human health

I Parassiti Nella Storia Dell'uomo: Infezioni Del Passato, Malattie Nel Presente

A Journey on the Skin Microbiome: Pitfalls and Opportunities

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