Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis

Zhang, Yizhen; Li, Yongyu

doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.91

Cited by 1,026 publications

(740 citation statements)

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“…When mucosal homeostasis breaks down in a genetically predisposed individual, the resulting immune response may lead to chronic inflammation [150]. Antibodies against S. cerevisiae have been shown to be disease marker for Crohn's disease (CD) [151], possibly indicating that fungi could play a role in the aberrant immune responses in IBD [152].…”

Section: Fungi Inhabiting the Gi Mucosal Surface: The Gut Mycobiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

2014

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Human holobiomes are networks of mutualistic interactions between human cells and complex communities of bacteria and fungi that colonize the human body. The immune system must tolerate colonization with commensal bacteria and fungi but defend against invasion by either organism. Molecular ecological surveys of the human prokaryotic microbiota performed to date have revealed a remarkable degree of bacterial diversity and functionality. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the eukaryotic composition of the microbiota. In this review, we describe the ecology and the human niches of our fungal "fellow travelers" in both health and disease, discriminating between passengers, colonizers, and pathogens based on the interaction of these fungi with the human immune system. We conclude by highlighting the need to reconsider the etiology of many fungal and immune-related diseases in the context of the crosstalk between the human system and its resident microbial communities.Keywords: Dysbiosis r Fungal metagenomics r Host-microbe interaction r Mycobiota IntroductionHumans live in close association with a complex community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea [1][2][3], which inhabit their bodies. Many groups have surveyed these microbial populations using the so-called "next generation" or "deep" sequencing approaches, revealing that the human microbiota differs radically at various body sites and among individuals [2][3][4]. The differences in the human microbiota are influenced by the availability of nutrients, environmental exposure to microorganisms, and other sitespecific features, such as the immunological makeup of a given location. The origin of differences in the microbiota between individuals potentially reflects different patterns of colonization early in life (reviewed in [5]), different dietary regimens [6,7], and different environmental exposures, such as antibiotic use [8,9]. Recently, the application of deep sequencing approaches have genCorrespondence: Dr. Duccio Cavalieri e-mail: duccio.cavalieri@fmach.it erated novel hypotheses about the microbial determinants underlying human disorders of immune origin (reviewed in [10]). Several metabolites of the interaction between diet and host microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids, have been shown to play a fundamental role in shaping immune responses (reviewed in [11]). The application of microbial ecology concepts is ultimately leading to the conclusion that health and disease can be understood only through an understanding of the ways in which the symbiotic interactions between microbes and human organs harmonically integrate in the context of the hologenome [12].Human microbial diversity is not limited to bacteria; microorganisms such as fungi also play major roles in the stability of microbial communities in human health and disease (reviewed in [13]). Yeasts were detected in human stool samples as far back as 1917, and by the mid-20th century the presence of yeasts in the human intestine was proposed to have a saprotrophic role [14]....

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Section: Fungi Inhabiting the Gi Mucosal Surface: The Gut Mycobiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

2014

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“…1 Accumulating evidence indicates that these inflammatory conditions occur due to dysfunctional antimicrobial responses combined with genetic susceptibilities. 2 Thus, identifying the complex host-microbe interactions and the underlying signaling cascades is of particular importance in revealing the pathogenesis of IBD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATG16L1: A multifunctional susceptibility factor in Crohn disease

Salem¹,

Ammitzboell²,

Nys³

et al. 2015

Autophagy

106

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“…Similarly to other autoimmune diseases, IBD requires a genetic susceptibility coupled with environmental factors leading to an inflammatory response [115]. Studies have demonstrated treatment with tubacin is able to prevent weight loss and diarrhea in the DSS model of colitis in a T reg dependent fashion [109].…”

Section: Class Iib Hdac Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isoform-Selective HDAC Inhibition in Autoimmune DiseaseNicole L Regna1* and Christopher M Reilly2

Regna

Reilly²

2014

J Clin Cell Immunol

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Histone deacetylases are a class of enzymes that play an important role in protein modification and cellular function. Ongoing research suggests that HDAC inhibitors may be efficacious in the treatment of a wide range of diseases from cancer to autoimmune disease. HDACi therapy has shown promising results both in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of autoimmune disease. To date, 18 isoforms of HDACs have been identified, which exist in four different classes: class I (HDAC1, 2, 3, and 8), class II (HDAC4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10) class III (sirtuins1-7), and class IV (HDAC11). The mechanism of action through which HDACs function remains to be fully elucidated. However, the use of isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors has been helpful in determining the physiological role of individual HDACs as well as in decreasing the toxicity of HDACi therapy. This review will focus on isoform-selective HDACs and how they may be effective for the treatment of autoimmune disease.

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Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis

Cited by 1,026 publications

References 89 publications

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

ATG16L1: A multifunctional susceptibility factor in Crohn disease

Isoform-Selective HDAC Inhibition in Autoimmune DiseaseNicole L Regna1* and Christopher M Reilly2

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