Inflammatory and Growth Mediators in Growing Preterm Infants

Ahmad, Irfan; Zaldivar, Frank; Iwanaga, Kensho; Koeppel, Robin; Grochow, Donna; Nemet, Damir; Waffarn, Feizal; Eliakim, Alon; Leu, Szu Yun

doi:10.1515/jpem.2007.20.3.387

Cited by 36 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…24 In preterm infants, improved anthropometric and bone growth occurs in the setting of lower levels of inflammatory mediators. 25, 26 In addition to influencing growth, inflammation is known to be associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants. For example, elevated levels of inflammation-related proteins in the first two weeks of life in infants born < 28 weeks increase the odds of microcephaly and lower Mental Developmental Index scores on the BSID-II at 2 years of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in postnatal growth-restricted preterm infants with postnatal head-sparing

et al. 2016

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Objective To compare neurodevelopmental outcomes in postnatal growth-restricted infants born < 29 weeks with and without postnatal head-sparing. Study Design We analyzed developmental outcomes at 2 years of age among postnatally growth-restricted infants with and without head-sparing. The primary outcome was Bayley III cognitive composite score; secondary outcomes included Bayley III motor composite score, moderate/severe cerebral palsy, GMFCS level ≥2, and presence or absence of neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Results Of 1098 infants evaluated at 18–22 months, 658 were postnatally growth-restricted, of whom 301 had head-sparing. In the multivariate model including independent risk factors for poor growth and poor developmental outcome, infants with head-sparing had higher adjusted motor composite scores (mean difference 4.65, p<0.01), but no differences in other neurodevelopmental outcomes. Conclusion Postnatal head-sparing is associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm infants, specifically Bayley III motor scores, but whether beneficial effects of PHS persist later in life is unknown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in postnatal growth-restricted preterm infants with postnatal head-sparing

et al. 2016

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“…On a biological level, an important mediator of the early postnatal growth in preterm infants may be IGF-1 [52,53,54]. Not surprisingly, a very important factor that has been positively related to growth in early life is caloric intake [38, 49, 55].…”

Section: Early Postnatal Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of Preterm Born Children

et al. 2008

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Background: In this review, we describe the growth of (very) preterm infants or (very) low-birth-weight infants from birth until adulthood. Methods: A systematic analysis of growth of these infants is thwarted by different definitions (classification by gestational age or birth weight) used in the literature. Results: The early postnatal period of these individuals is almost invariably characterized by substantial growth failure. In the majority of preterm infants this is followed by a period of catch-up growth, which starts in early infancy and usually stops at 2–3 years of age, although in some cases it may continue into adolescence. Catch-up growth is usually incomplete, so that infants born preterm remain shorter and lighter than term-born peers during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Disproportionate catch-up growth in height and weight may lead to an altered body composition in adulthood, especially in females. Conclusion: Though early catch-up growth has shown to be beneficial for neurodevelopmental outcome, it is also associated with adverse metabolic consequences in adulthood. As the first generation of (very) preterm infants is now reaching young adulthood, future follow-up studies on these effects are warranted.

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“…The inverse relationship between body and muscle mass and circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines is striking and has now been observed in a wide range of human subjects from premature babies (10) to elderly adults (11). We recently reported that the direct exposure of muscles in growing rats to IL-6 results in decreased muscle growth apparently due to a state of resistance to growth factors such IGF-I (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased rat neonatal activity influences adult cytokine levels and relative muscle mass.

Buchowicz

Nance

et al. 2010

Pediatric Research

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Little is known about the effect of physical activity in early life on subsequent growth and regulation of inflammation. We previously reported that exposure of muscles in growing rats to IL-6 results in decreased muscle growth apparently due to a state of resistance to growth factors such IGF-I and that running exercise could ameliorate this growth defect. Herein we hypothesized that increased activity, for a brief period during neonatal life, would pattern the adult rat towards a less inflammatory phenotype. Neonatal rats were induced to move about their cage for brief periods from day 5 to day 15 postpartum. Additional groups were undisturbed controls (CON) and handled (HAND). Sub-groups of rats were sampled at 30 and 65 days of age. Relative to CON and HAND, neonatal exercise (EX) results in decreased circulating levels of TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β in adulthood, primarily in male rats. In addition, adult male EX rats had lower body mass and increased skeletal muscle mass suggesting a leaner phenotype. The results of this study suggest that moderate increases in activity early in life can influence the adult toward a more healthy phenotype with regard to inflammatory mediators and relative muscle mass.

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Inflammatory and Growth Mediators in Growing Preterm Infants

Cited by 36 publications

References 25 publications

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in postnatal growth-restricted preterm infants with postnatal head-sparing

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in postnatal growth-restricted preterm infants with postnatal head-sparing

Growth of Preterm Born Children

Increased rat neonatal activity influences adult cytokine levels and relative muscle mass.

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