Inflammation of carotid plaques and risk of cerebrovascular events

Poredoš, Pavel; Gregorič, Igor D.; Ježovnik, Mateja K

doi:10.21037/atm-2020-cass-15

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease caused by insufficient blood flow to the brain. Stroke can result in neurological dysfunction and several neurodegenerative diseases ( Hu et al, 2017 ; Poredos et al, 2020 ). Strokes are either hemorrhagic or ischemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

miR-124 Alleviates Ischemic Stroke-Induced Neuronal Death by Targeting DAPK1 in Mice

et al. 2021

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BackgroundIschemic stroke induces neuronal cell death and causes brain dysfunction. Preventing neuronal cell death after stroke is key to protecting the brain from stroke damage. Nevertheless, preventative measures and treatment strategies for stroke damage are scarce. Emerging evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders and may serve as potential therapeutic targets.MethodsA photochemically induced thrombosis (PIT) mouse model was used as an ischemic stroke model. qRT-PCR was employed to assess changes in miRNAs in ischemic lesions of PIT-stroke mice and primary cultured neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was performed to evaluate brain infarction tissues in vivo. TUNEL staining was employed to assess neuronal death in vitro. Neurological scores and motor coordination were investigated to evaluate stroke damage, including neurological deficits and motor function.ResultsIn vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that levels of miR-124 were significantly decreased following stroke, whereas changes in death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) levels exhibited the converse pattern. DAPK1 was identified as a direct target of miR-124. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and OGD-induced neuronal death was rescued by miR-124 overexpression. Upregulation of miR-124 levels significantly improved PIT-stroke damage, including the overall neurological function in mice.ConclusionWe demonstrate the involvement of the miR-124/DAPK1 pathway in ischemic neuronal death. Our results highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway for ischemic stroke.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

miR-124 Alleviates Ischemic Stroke-Induced Neuronal Death by Targeting DAPK1 in Mice

et al. 2021

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“…Few studies have focused on the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs alone on cardiovascular risk, but some drugs used in the prevention of atherosclerosis, such as antiplatelet agents and statins, also have anti-inflammatory effects [ 77 ]. Aspirin and clopidogrel act on inflammation, and the latter when used at high doses [ 78 ]; aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-κB [ 79 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Therapeutical Approaches to Managing Atherosclerotic Risk

Giglio

Stoian

Al-Rasadi

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease that leads to inflammation and stiffening of the arteries and decreases their elasticity due to the accumulation of calcium, small dense Low Density Lipoproteins (sdLDL), inflammatory cells, and fibrotic material. A review of studies pertaining to cardiometabolic risk factors, lipids alterations, hypolipidemic agents, nutraceuticals, hypoglycaemic drugs, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation was performed. There are several therapeutic strategies including Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, inclisiran, bempedoic acid, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), and nutraceuticals that promise improvement in the atheromatous plaque from a molecular point of view, because have actions on the exposure of the LDL-Receptor (LDL-R), on endothelial dysfunction, activation of macrophages, on lipid oxidation, formations on foam cells, and deposition extracellular lipids. Atheroma plaque reduction both as a result of LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) intensive lowering and reducing inflammation and other residual risk factors is an integral part of the management of atherosclerotic disease, and the use of valid therapeutic alternatives appear to be appealing avenues to solving the problem.

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“…Calcifications have been found to play an important role in plaque stabilization and lipid-rich plaques appear to be more often actively inflamed than either calcified or collagen-rich plaques (hyperechoic). Thus, heavily calcified carotid plaques could represent a chronic, less actively inflamed form of atherosclerosis [ 21 ]. Nevertheless, calcified intraluminal plaques may occasionally cause ischemia when the calcified material embolizes into the brain ( Figure 3 ).…”

Section: Plaque Echogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Noninvasive Carotid Wall Imaging with Ultrasound: A Narrative Review

Alexandratou

Papachristodoulou

et al. 2022

JCM

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Carotid atherosclerosis is a major cause for stroke, with significant associated disease burden morbidity and mortality in Western societies. Diagnosis, grading and follow-up of carotid atherosclerotic disease relies on imaging, specifically ultrasound (US) as the initial modality of choice. Traditionally, the degree of carotid lumen stenosis was considered the sole risk factor to predict brain ischemia. However, modern research has shown that a variety of other imaging biomarkers, such as plaque echogenicity, surface morphology, intraplaque neovascularization and vasa vasorum contribute to the risk for rupture of carotid atheromas with subsequent cerebrovascular events. Furthermore, the majority of embolic strokes of undetermined origin are probably arteriogenic and are associated with nonstenosing atheromas. Therefore, a state-of-the-art US scan of the carotid arteries should take advantage of recent technical developments and should provide detailed information about potential thrombogenic (/) and emboligenic arterial wall features. This manuscript reviews recent advances in ultrasonographic assessment of vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaques and highlights the fields of future development in multiparametric arterial wall imaging, in an attempt to convey the most important take-home messages for clinicians performing carotid ultrasound.

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Inflammation of carotid plaques and risk of cerebrovascular events

Cited by 21 publications

References 61 publications

miR-124 Alleviates Ischemic Stroke-Induced Neuronal Death by Targeting DAPK1 in Mice

miR-124 Alleviates Ischemic Stroke-Induced Neuronal Death by Targeting DAPK1 in Mice

Novel Therapeutical Approaches to Managing Atherosclerotic Risk

Advances in Noninvasive Carotid Wall Imaging with Ultrasound: A Narrative Review

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