Inflammation and the mechanism of action of anti‐inflammatory drugs

Abstract

Inflammation is caused by release of chemicals from tissues and migrating cells. Most strongly implicated are the prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), histamine, bradykinin, and, more recently, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and interleukin-1. Evidence for their involvement comes from studies with competitive antagonists for their receptors and inhibitors of their synthesis. H1 histamine antagonists are effective for hay fever and some skin allergies such as urticaria, which indicates the importance of histamine in these conditions. Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are alleviated by the aspirinlike anti-inflammatory drugs, which inhibit the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme and reduce synthesis of prostanoids. Corticosteroids prevent the formation of both PGs and LTs by causing the release of lipocortin, which by inhibition of phospholipase A2 reduces arachidonic acid release. They suppress the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. Currently, high doses of nonsedating H1 antihistamines and PAF antagonists are being tested for the treatment of allergic asthma.

Anti–inflammatory and analgesic activities of Melanthera scandens

“…The extract further reduced later stage of the oedema maybe due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin which is known to mediate the second phase of carragenin induced inflammation [22] . H owever, A S A ( 1 0 0 mg/kg) a prototype N S A I D , a cyclooxygenase inhibitor whose mechanism of action involves inhibition of prostaglandin, inhibited significantly (P<0.01 -0.001) paw swelling due to carragenin injection.…”

“…The animals in group 1 (negative control) received 10 mL/kg of normal saline, groups 2-4 received 37, 74 and 111 mg/kg doses of the extract, while group 5 received 100 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid 30 min before being challenged with buffered formalin. The responses were measured for 5 min after formalin injection (first phase) and [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] min after formalin injection (second phase).…”

Molecular characteristics of the inhibition of human neutrophil elastase by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

“…Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known as clinically effective agents for treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Lentin et al, 1987;Vane et al, 1987 and1995;Insel, 1996). The mechanism of action has been known that NSAIDs inhibited cyclooxygenase (Vane et al, 1987 and1995;Insel, 1996). However, it is difficult to ascribe the antirheumatoid effects of aspirin-like drugs solely to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (Insel, 1996) since HNElastase shows different sensitivity to the NSAIDs (Kang et al, 1996).…”

Inhibitory Effects of Complex of Mulberry Extract on Degenerative Arthritis

“…Anandakumar 등 (2014)은 강황추출물의 경구투여 가 carrageenan으로 급성염증이 유도된 동물의 족부 부종 억 제에 효과가 있음을 보고하였다. 부종은 histamine, serotonin, bradykinin 및 prostaglandins와 같은 염증 매개체에 의한 혈관 투과성 증가와 혈관확장 증상의 급성염증 반응이다 (Vane and Botting, 1987). 대표적인 소염진통제로 사용되는 단일성분인 Ibuprofen보다는 CME의 부종억제율이 우수하지 않지만 CME 가 정제되지 않은 복합물질임을 고려할 때, 매우 우수한 급성 염증성 부종억제 효과가 있다고 사료된다.…”