Inflammasome Contribution to the Activation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 Immune Responses

Abstract

Inflammasomes are cytosolic polyprotein complexes formed in response to various external and internal stimuli, including viral and bacterial antigens. The main product of the inflammasome is active caspase 1 which proteolytically cleaves, releasing functional interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). These cytokines play a central role in shaping immune response to pathogens. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of inflammasome activation, as well as their role in development of Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes. The contribution of cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33, products of activated inflammasomes, are summarized. Additionally, the role of cytokines released from tissue cells in promoting differentiation of lymphocyte populations is discussed.

The Matrix-M™ adjuvant: A critical component of vaccines for the 21 st century

“…Consequently, they are crucial for eliminating intracellular pathogens such as viruses and thus an important target for vaccines. 42 , 43 Indeed, both ISCOMATRIX and AS01 can potently activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in APCs, resulting in the production of IL-1β and IL-18. 13 , 39 A similar NLRP3-dependent release of IL-1β was observed with the research equivalent of Matrix-M, AbISCO-100, administered in combination with MPL.…”

Differential Cytokine Responses and the Clinical Severity of Adult and Pediatric Nephropathia Epidemica

“…These cytokines are products of activated inflammasomes [ 37 ] serving as mediators of inflammation. Additionally, these cytokines, in combination with others, such as CCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10, contribute to shaping the immune response [ 38 ] IL-1β produced by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is shown to support T cell priming [ 39 ], while IL-18 can support the commitment of Th1 lymphocytes [ 40 , 41 ]. Additionally, Th1 lymphocyte differentiation can happen when IL-18 and IL-12 induce the production of IFNγ [ 42 ].…”

“…Bootstrap values less than 70% were excluded from the tree shown. Reference nucleotide sequences of PUUV strains from bank voles and HFRS patients were downloaded from the GenBank, and are summarized in Supplementary Table S2 [ 38 , 41 , 42 ]. The sequence of Tula orthohantavirus of the accession number AF164093, S segment was used as an outgroup.…”

The regulation of self-tolerance and the role of inflammasome molecules

“…Increased IL-12 secretion by IL-1β stimulated DC favors differentiation of antigen-stimulated T cells towards a type 1 phenotype, marked by IFNγ production by CD4 + Th1 and CD8 + Tc1 cells ( 48 ). On the other hand, IL-1β has direct effects on CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, influencing expansion and subset differentiation depending on the extracellular milieu ( 49 ). In mice, IL-1β synergizes with IL-6, IL-21 and IL-23 to induce the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into IL-17-secreting Th17 cells ( 49 ).…”

“…On the other hand, IL-1β has direct effects on CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, influencing expansion and subset differentiation depending on the extracellular milieu ( 49 ). In mice, IL-1β synergizes with IL-6, IL-21 and IL-23 to induce the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into IL-17-secreting Th17 cells ( 49 ). In humans, IL-1β has a more potent role in driving Th17 differentiation.…”