Infinitives in the 1820 Settler Letters of Denunciation: What can a Contextualised Application of Corpus-Based Results Tell us About the Expression of Persuasion?

Abstract

This paper takes issue with Biber's (1988) findings concerning the significance of infinitives for what he calls the "overt expression of persuasion" (Biber 1988: 115). It aims to demonstrate that statistically generated results of research on large electronic corpora of contemporary English may not be verifiable in small, well-contextualised, single-genre collections, such as the one representing 19th century English used in this study. The collection comprises denunciation letters addressed to the colonial authorities (the Colonial Office) by the first British settlers in the Cape Colony (the 1820 Settlers). The letters follow the generic model of petition (Włodarczyk 2010) understood as an official written request. An act of denunciation, as we may assume, contributes to the inherent persuasiveness of petitions by increasing the illocutionary force (in the sense of Searle 1969Searle , 1979) of the letter. Therefore, patterns of distribution of infinitives as markers of persuasion (Biber 1988) are particularly interesting to trace in the 1820 Settler denunciation letters. The paper shows that some of Biber's statements may not be taken as valid generalizations, as the persuasive potential of infinitives may not be corroborated unless each and every token is thoroughly contextualized. Furthermore, an analysis of requests in denunciations conducted within Speech Act Theory (Austin 1962;Searle 1969;Blum-Kulka 1984;Culpeper and Archer 2008) shows that it is first and foremost politeness concerns (cf. Brown and Levinson 1987), not the increased need for persuasiveness, that determine the degree of the illocutionary force of requests.

Criteria for courtroom speech cogency

“…Thus, the influence of a forensic orator on the audience depends on the depth of legal knowledge, professional skills and the ability to speak in public (Sampson, 2014). Persuasion can be achieved in two ways: rational and emotional (Włodarczyk, 2010 A lawyer always strives to involve members of the court into the course of their thoughts, and for this purpose, he/she uses persuasion tricks (Paterson, 1983). By using the "inclusive" pronoun we, lawyer unites him/herself with the jury, places him/herself on one side, and at the same time opposes the prosecutor and his supporters with a pronoun they.…”