Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137

Spares, Aaron D.; Reader, Jeffery M.; Stokesbury, Michael J. W.; McDermott, Tom; Žikovský, L.; Avery, Trevor S.; Dadswell, Michael J.

doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsl040

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Interestingly, the migration habits of Atlantic salmon and Irish Sea common dab, and also the diet analysis of Atlantic salmon, suggest that neither species is likely to interact in the wild (Jacobsen & Hansen 2001, Haugland et al 2006. Spares et al (2007) and Dadswell et al (2010) show that wild southern European (< 62°N) salmonid stocks typically use the North Atlantic Sub-polar Gyre migration route, and Irish Atlantic salmon enter this predominantly from the west coast of Ireland. Unfortunately, comparatively little information exists for migration patterns and ecology of common dab.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of salmonid alphavirus RNA in Celtic and Irish Sea flatfish

McCleary¹,

Giltrap²,

Henshilwood³

et al. 2014

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Pancreas disease (PD) caused by the salmonid alphavirus (SAV) has been the most significant cause of mortalities in Irish farmed salmon Salmo salar L. over the past decade. SAV is a single-strand positive-sense RNA virus, originally thought to be unique to salmonids, but has recently been detected using real-time RT-PCR in a number of wild non-salmonid fish. In the present report, 610 wild flatfish (common dab Limanda limanda, plaice Pleuronectes platessa and megrim Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis) were caught from the Irish and Celtic Seas and screened for SAV using real-time RT-PCR and sequencing. In general, a very low prevalence was recorded in common dab and plaice, except for 1 haul in Dublin Bay where 25% of common dab were SAVpositive. SAV sequence analysis supported the fact that real-time RT-PCR detections were specific and further characterised the detected viruses within SAV Subtype I, the predominant subtype found in farmed salmon in Ireland. KEY WORDS: SAV · Pancreas disease · Wild fish · Horizontal transmission · Atlantic salmon · Aquaculture Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 109: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] 2014 MATERIALS AND METHODSFish were sampled onboard research vessels demersal trawling in the Irish and Celtic Seas, using a 2 to 3 metre beam trawl. Fish were caught from 4 trawls in the Irish Sea: 3 in Dublin Bay (October 2010 twice and February 2011) and 1 in Wexford Harbour (October 2010). A much broader annual groundfish survey was completed on the RV 'Celtic Voyager' in the Celtic Sea in December 2012, whereby the fish were caught from multiple hauls covering the south east to the north west of Ireland. In all cases, sampling was completed onboard within 1 h of capture. Either heart or gill tissue was taken and preserved by storage in RNAlater ® for testing in the laboratory. Pancreas and liver tissue were collected from Irish Sea flatfish into neutralbuffered formalin, and stained using haematoxylin and eosin according to standard methods for histopathological examination.Total RNA was extracted from 610 flatfish from either ~15 mg heart or gill tissue samples using a Qiagen TissueLyser and a standard protocol from the Qiagen RNeasy ® mini kit. Gill tissue was used in this study because SAV persists for a long time in this tissue (Graham et al. 2010). RNA was eluted in a 50 µl volume and a subsample treated with Qiagen RNase-Free DNase. Treated RNA was subsequently purified using a Qiagen RNeasy minElute kit and stored at -80°C. Real-time RT-PCR primers targeting the nsP1 gene (Hodneland & Endresen 2006) were used to test for the presence of SAV RNA using a 1-step real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with Platinum ® qRT-PCR Thermoscript™ (Invitrogen) and an ABI 7500 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems). A total real time RT-PCR reaction volume of 20 µl, containing 2 µl of sample RNA, 300 nM of each primer and 200 nM of probe was subjected to the following thermal profile: 50°C for 20 min and 95°C fo...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of salmonid alphavirus RNA in Celtic and Irish Sea flatfish

McCleary¹,

Giltrap²,

Henshilwood³

et al. 2014

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A second model proposes that S. salar undertake trans‐Atlantic migrations using surface currents of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (NASpG) between 45° E and 60° W, north of 50° N (Jensen, 1967; Stasko et al , 1973; Spares et al , 2007). In fact, Reddin et al (1984) formalized this alternate model and stated that S. salar from NAm and European (Eu) stocks enter the NASpG on their respective sides of the ocean and migrate counterclockwise around the North Atlantic, feeding, growing and mixing until they mature, and then use the NASpG to return to their side of the North Atlantic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peak abundance of S. salar occurred in known optimal temperatures and salinities aligned with the axis of the NASpG (Thurow, 1973; Jákupsstovu, 1988; Holm et al , 2003). Marking (Reddin et al , 1984; Baum, 1997; Hansen & Jacobsen, 2000), stock discrimination (Reddin & Friedland, 1999) and environmental tracer studies (Tucker et al , 1999; Spares et al , 2007) all indicate fidelity to the counterclockwise currents of the NASpG resulting in movement of S. salar to opposite sides of the Atlantic from their natal rivers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The North Atlantic subpolar gyre and the marine migration of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: the ‘Merry‐Go‐Round’ hypothesis

Dadswell

Spares

Reader

et al. 2010

Journal of Fish Biology

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One model for marine migration of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar proposes that North American and southern European stocks (<62 degrees N) move directly to feeding grounds off west Greenland, then overwinter in the Labrador Sea, whereas northern European stocks (>62 degrees N) utilize the Norwegian Sea. An alternate model proposes that both North American and European stocks migrate in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (NASpG) where S. salar enter the NASpG on their respective sides of the Atlantic, and travel counterclockwise within the NASpG until returning to natal rivers. A review of data accumulated during the last 50 years suggests a gyre model is most probable. Freshwater parr metamorphose into smolts which have morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations of epipelagic, marine fishes. Former high-seas fisheries were seasonally sequential and moved in the direction of NASpG currents, and catches were highest along the main axis of the NASpG. Marking and discrimination studies indicate mixed continental origin feeding aggregations on both sides of the Atlantic. Marked North American smolts were captured off Norway, the Faroe Islands, east and west Greenland, and adults tagged at the Faroes were recovered in Canadian rivers. Marked European smolts were recovered off Newfoundland and Labrador, west and east Greenland, and adults tagged in the Labrador Sea were captured in European rivers. High Caesium-137 ((137)Cs) levels in S. salar returning to a Quebec river suggested 62.3% had fed at or east of Iceland, whereas levels in 1 sea-winter (SW) Atlantic Canada returnees indicated 24.7% had fed east of the Faroes. Lower levels of (137)Cs in returning 1SW Irish fish suggest much of their growth occurred in the western Atlantic. These data suggest marine migration of S. salar follows a gyre model and is similar to other open-ocean migrations of epipelagic fishes.

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“…North American 1SW stocks primarily exploit the western North Atlantic (Labrador Sea, Greenland), whereas European 1SW salmon typically migrate to the eastern North Atlantic (Norwegian Sea, Fig. 1; Reddin & Shearer, 1987; Friedland et al , 1998, 2000; Holm et al , 2000; Hansen & Jacobsen, 2003; but see also Spares et al , 2007 for a different view). The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) separates European stocks into the two maturity groupings and, according to river of natal origin, further distinguishes ‘northern’ (Russia–Scandinavia–North/East Iceland) and ‘southern’ (south/west Iceland–British Isles–France) components for the purposes of developing management advice and prefishery abundance estimates (Potter et al , 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detrimental effects of recent ocean surface warming on growth condition of Atlantic salmon

Todd

Hughes

Marshall

et al. 2007

Global Change Biology

155

160

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Ocean climate impacts on survivorship and growth of Atlantic salmon are complex, but still poorly understood. Stock abundances have declined over the past three decades and 1992-2006 has seen widespread sea surface temperature (SST) warming of the NE Atlantic, including the foraging areas exploited by salmon of southern European origin. Salmon cease feeding on return migration, and here we express the final growth condition of year-classes of one-sea winter adults at, or just before, freshwater re-entry as the predicted weight at standard length. Two independent 14-year time series for a single river stock and for mixed, multiple stocks revealed almost identical temporal patterns in growth condition variation, and an overall trend decrease of 11-14% over the past decade. Growth condition has fallen as SST anomaly has risen, and for each yearclass the midwinter (January) SST anomalies they experienced at sea correlated negatively with their final condition on migratory return during the subsequent summer months. Stored lipids are crucial for survival and for the prespawning provisioning of eggs in freshwater, and we show that under-weight individuals have disproportionately low reserves. The poorest condition fish ($ 30% under-weight) returned with lipid stores reduced by $ 80%. This study concurs with previous analyses of other North Atlantic top consumers (e.g. somatic condition of tuna, reproductive failure of seabirds) showing evidence of major, recent climate-driven changes in the eastern North Atlantic pelagic ecosystem, and the likely importance of bottom-up control processes. Because salmon abundances presently remain at historical lows, fecundity of recent year-classes will have been increasingly compromised. Measures of year-class growth condition should therefore be incorporated in the analysis and setting of numerical spawning escapements for threatened stocks, and conservation limits should be revised upwards conservatively during periods of excessive ocean climate warming.

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Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137

Cited by 22 publications

References 37 publications

Detection of salmonid alphavirus RNA in Celtic and Irish Sea flatfish

Detection of salmonid alphavirus RNA in Celtic and Irish Sea flatfish

The North Atlantic subpolar gyre and the marine migration of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: the ‘Merry‐Go‐Round’ hypothesis

Detrimental effects of recent ocean surface warming on growth condition of Atlantic salmon

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