Inferior oblique muscle of the eye: its foetal development with special reference to understanding of the frequent variants in adults

Jin, Zhe‐Wu; Umeki, Shinichi; Takeuchi, Yuki; Yamamoto, Masahito; Murakami, Gen; Abe, Shinichi; Rodríguez‐Vázquez, José Francisco

doi:10.5603/fm.a2021.0043

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…The arcuate expansion is a fibrous band extending from the inferolateral orbital rim to the medial canthal ligament 7 . The fascia of the inferior oblique muscle attaches to the orbital margin and septum, bisecting the space between the central fat pads and extending medially 8 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 The fascia of the inferior oblique muscle attaches to the orbital margin and septum, bisecting the space between the central fat pads and extending medially. 8 Type 1, in this type, the herniation predominantly involves the central and medial fat pads. The fascia of the inferior oblique muscle does not significantly demarcate the central from the medial fat pads, and the lateral fat pad is typically smaller in volume.…”

Section: Anatomical Basismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Experience in Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty

Yang,

2024

Ann Plast Surg

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Objective This study characterizes the appearance changes associated with aging of the human lower eyelid, grounded in its anatomical basis. Tailored approaches to lower eyelid bag are performed by these anatomical manifestations. Methods From January 2017 to January 2023, lower eyelid blepharoplasty was performed on 137 patients, aged 20 to 60 years. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to the periorbital aging appearance, primarily characterized by the presence and location of the “bag” bulge of the lower eyelid. We analyzed the corresponding changes in anatomical structures for each type, which included a weakened fibrous orbital support system, reduced muscle tone, and increased orbital fat. Patients were treated with tailored blepharoplasty techniques according to their classification. All patients in this study ranged in follow-up from 1 to 12 months. With patients' permit, photographs and clinical information were taken to evaluate the preoperative and postoperative outcome. Results Our study identified 3 morphologies of the lower eyelid. Type 1 presents a “bubble bag” in the medial and inferior aspect of the lower eyelid. Type 2 features a double convexity contour, with separate fat pad herniations demarcated by fibrous connective tissue. Type 3 exhibits a single convexity with a uniform herniation of fat pads across the entire lower eyelid. We have delineated the anatomical changes associated with each morphology type. With an approach grounded in “remodeling” and “recovery,” the surgical treatment targets the fibrous support tissue to improve the outcomes of lower eyelid rejuvenation. No complications occurred. All postoperative results reached both surgeon's and patient's expectations. Conclusions Surgeons must recognize the pivotal role of fibrous connective tissues—including the arcuate expansion, fascia of the inferior oblique muscle, and the orbicularis retaining ligament—and endeavor to preserve or reinforce these structures during surgical procedures. An anatomically based surgical approach would more effectively and safely to resist the facial aging process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Anatomical Basismentioning

confidence: 99%