Inferior humoral and sustained cellular immunity against wild-type and omicron variant of concern in hemodialysis patients immunized with 3 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses compared with 4 doses

Humoral response after SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in haemodialysis patients with and without prior infection

“…Our data agree with current studies showing a good antibody response in HD patients after a booster vaccination [ 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 ]. This is in line with other successful strategies in HD patients (e.g.…”

“…These observations could be confirmed in dialysis patients [ 3 , 6–9 ]. However, data on the humoral antibody response after a first and second booster are still scarce [ 9 , 10 ].…”

“…hepatitis B) using higher or multiple vaccine doses. Only two studies have reported results of two booster vaccinations [ 9 , 10 ], albeit with a smaller sample size, exclusion of infected patients or application of the first three doses within a short time frame.…”

An Update on Protective Effectiveness of Immune Responses After Recovery From COVID-19

“…A study reported a near-complete lack of neutralizing activity against Omicron in polyclonal sera from individuals vaccinated with two doses of vaccine and from convalescent individuals, as well as resistance to different monoclonal antibodies in clinical use ( 98 ), highlighting the global need for vaccine boosters to combat the impact of Omicron and emerging variants ( 99 , 100 ). However, Omicron is strongly neutralized by antibodies induced by booster third dose vaccination ( 101 , 102 ) or fourth dose in hemodialysis patients ( 103 ) or by heterologous vaccination.This has led to increased attention to the important role of T cells in protection immunity. It was revealed that the responses of Spike-specific CD4 + T cells were not different in variants of concern; while CD8 + T cells responses to Omicron spike were reduced compared to other variants, enhanced with booster vaccine doses ( 104 ).…”

Inferior cellular and humoral immunity against Omicron and Delta variants of concern compared with SARS-CoV-2 wild type in hemodialysis patients immunized with 4 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses

“…Of interest, Omicron-specific Nab titer was significantly lower as compared to Delta-specific Nab explaining the more efficient evasion of Omicron from neutralizing antibodies 3 and its efficient spread in vaccinated individuals 4 . Since the humoral immune response of dialysis patients strongly benefits from a fourth compared to a third vaccination 5 , an adjustment of the vaccination procedure should be recommended.…”