Infeksi Plasmodium Berghei Anka pada Mencit Galur Swiss Webster dan C57bl/6 Sebagai Model Malaria Serebral

Abstract


 Cerebral malaria is a complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection and can cause death in humans. Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in C57BL/6 strain is widely used for cerebral malaria research. However, research to assess differences in brain histopathology, TNFα levels and the degree of parasitemia in Swiss websters infected with PbA are still limited. Therefore an infection with P. berghei ANKA strain was carried out on Swiss webster mice and C57BL/6 as a model of cerebral malaria. This research is a laboratory experiment with a post-test only control group design. Each experimental animal was divided into 3 groups namely PbA group (infected and given aquades), DHP (infected and given Dihidroartemisinin piperakuin), and healthy (mice not infected with PbA called aquades). Animal testing tried to examine parasitemia by microscopic counts on thin blood smear, calculation of serum TNFα levels by ELISA method and histopathology of the brain and slide microscopic examination with Haematoxylin Eosin staining conducted at the Experimental Animal Laboratory, Parasite Laboratory, Puslitbang BTDK, NIHRD; and Balitvet Pathology Laboratory by the research team. The results showed a peak percentage of parasitemia in the PbA group on day 4 for the Swiss webster strain (68.8%) and on the 5th day for the C57BL/6 strain (43.7%). The percentage of parasitemia was higher in the Swiss webster strain than in the C57BL/6 strain. TNFα levels in the Swiss webster strain (3.6 pg/ml) were higher than TNFα levels in the C57BL/6 strain (0.18 pg/ml). Histopathological changes in the brain consisting of lymphocyte cells, infiltration, macrophages, gliosis, necrosis, vacuolization and malaria parasitemia were found in both strains. The results showed that Swiss webster mice can be used as a model of cerebral malaria when seen from the clinical picture, the percentage of parasitemia, serum TNFα levels, macroscopic and microscopic brains that have similarities to the C57BL/6 strain. 
 Keywords: Cerebral malaria, Plasmodium berghei ANKA, Swiss webster, C57BL/6. 
 Abstrak 
 Malaria serebral merupakan salah satu komplikasi infeksi Plasmodium falciparum dan dapat menyebabkan kematian pada manusia. Infeksi Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) pada mencit galur C57BL/6 banyak digunakan untuk penelitian malaria serebral. Di Indonesia, mencit Swiss webster banyak digunakan sebagai hewan coba untuk malaria, namun penelitian untuk menilai perbedaaan histopatologi otak, kadar TNFα dan derajat parasitemia pada Swiss webster yang diinfeksi PbA masih terbatas. Oleh sebab itu dilakukan infeksi P. berghei galur ANKA pada mencit Swiss webster dan C57BL/6 sebagai model malaria serebral. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen laboratorium dengan desain post-test only control group. Masing-masing galur hewan coba dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu kelompok PbA (diinfeksi dan diberi akuades), DHP (diinfeksi dan diberi Dihidroartemisinin piperakuin), dan sehat (mencit yang tidak diinfeksi PbA yang diberi akuades). Pengujian pada hewan coba meliputi pemeriksaan parasitemia dengan penghitungan kepadatan parasit secara mikroskopis pada ulas darah tipis, penghitungan kadar TNFα serum dengan metode ELISA serta gambaran histopatologi sediaan otak dengan pewarnaan Haematoksilin Eosin dilakukan di Laboratorium Hewan Coba, Laboratorium Parasit Puslitbang BTDK, Badan Litbangkes; dan Laboratorium Patologi Balitvet oleh tim peneliti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan puncak persentase parasitemia kelompok PbA pada hari ke- 4 untuk galur Swiss webster (68.8%) sementara untuk galur C57BL/6 (43.7%) pada hari ke-5. Hal ini berarti bahwa puncak parasitemia lebih cepat dan tinggi terjadi pada galur Swiss webster dibandingkan pada galur C57BL/6. Demikian juga untuk kadar TNFα didapatkan bahwa pada galur Swiss webster (3.6 pg/ml) lebih tinggi dibandingkan galur C57BL/6 (0.18 pg/ml). Perubahan histopatologik otak berupa infiltrasi sel limfosit, makrofag, gliosis, nekrosis, vakuolisasi dan parasitemia malaria ditemukan pada kedua galur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mencit galur Swiss webster dapat dijadikan sebagai model malaria serebral. 
 Kata kunci: Malaria serebral, Plasmodium berghei ANKA, Swiss webster, C57BL/6.

Comparison of the combinations of water and ethanol extract of Strychnos ligustrina blum wood with Dihydroartemisinin- Piperaquin Phosphate (DHP) as an anti-malaria in mice infected P. berghei ANKA

“…It is necessary to determine the best optimal dose and formulation of CT for malaria. [18,19]. Efforts to deal with malaria are currently being carried out with an artemisininbased combination treatment strategy (ART) according to WHO guidelines (MOH 2012).…”