Infectivity and Propagation of Entomogenous Nematodes, Steinernema spp., on the Common Cutworm, Spodoptera litura : Lepidoptera : Noctuidae

Kondo, Eizo; Ishibashi, Nobuyoshi

doi:10.1303/aez.21.95

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Kondo (1989) reported that S. feltiae produced scarcely any progeny in co-infections with either S. carpocapsae or S. glaseri, in line with our finding that females of that species are killed by both S. carpocapsae and S. longicaudum (which is in the same clade as S. glaseri). Propagation of S. carpocapsae in Spodoptera larvae was not reduced by S. glaseri in the Kondo (1989) experiments, but at equal infection levels in wax moths found that progeny production of S. carpocapsae was reduced while that of S. glaseri was not. While this was explained by the authors in terms of superior growth rate and lower reliance of S. glaseri on its symbiont, interspecific killing may also have played a role.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In contrast, virtually all of the information on interactions between species of EPNs is from laboratory infections similar to the present study (Kondo, 1989;Sicard et al, 2006;Mracek, 2009, 2010;Bashey et al, 2011Bashey et al, , 2012. Two or more species of EPN frequently occur at the same location, based on the detection of IJs (Stuart and Gaugler, 1994;Duncan et al, 2003a;Puza and Mracek, 2005;Spiridonov et al, 2007), but field data on co-infection of hosts by two species are extremely rare.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…co-infect the one host individual, varied outcomes in terms of the reproductive output of each species have been reported. These range from little effect to severe reduction, depending on the species combination and factors such as relative inoculum size; however, normally one species predominates in the emerging progeny (Kondo, 1989;Sicard et al, 2006;Mracek, 2009, 2010;Bashey et al, 2011Bashey et al, , 2012. Both exploitation and interference competition are implicated in the dominance of one species over another.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

O’Callaghan

Zenner

Hartley

et al. 2014

International Journal for Parasitology

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a b s t r a c tThere is evidence of competition within and between helminth species, but the mechanisms involved are not well described. In interference competition, organisms prevent each other from using the contested resource through direct negative interactions, either chemical or physical. Steinernema spp. are entomopathogenic nematodes; they enter a living insect host which they kill and consume with the aid of symbiotic bacteria. Several studies have demonstrated intra-and interspecific competition in Steinernema, mediated by a scramble for resources and by incompatibility of the bacterial symbiont. Here we describe a mechanism by which male Steinernema may compete directly for resources, both food (host) and females, by physically injuring or killing members of another species as well as males of their own species. A series of experiments was conducted in hanging drops of insect haemolymph. Males of each of four species (Steinernema longicaudum, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema kraussei and Steinernema feltiae), representing three of the five phylogenetic clades of the genus, killed each other. Within 48 h, up to 86% of pairs included at least one dead male, compared with negligible mortality in single male controls. There was evidence of intraspecific difference: one strain of S. feltiae (4CFMO) killed while another (UK76) did not. Males also killed both females and males of other Steinernema spp. There was evidence of a hierarchy of killing, with highest mortality due to S. longicaudum followed by S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei and S. feltiae. Wax moth larvae were co-infected with members of two Steinernema spp. to confirm that killing also takes place in the natural environment of an insect cadaver. When insects were co-infected with one infective juvenile of each species, S. longicaudum males killed both S. feltiae UK76 and Steinernema hermaphroditum. Wax moths co-infected with larger, equal numbers of S. longicaudum and S. feltiae UK76 produced mainly S. longicaudum progeny, as expected based on hanging drop experiments. Ó

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

O’Callaghan

Zenner

Hartley

et al. 2014

International Journal for Parasitology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There is an apparent direct relationship between penetration and insecticidal activity, a finding that is supported by Hominick and Reid (1990), who assumed that the nematode with the highest efficacy against the insect of interest would also have the best invasion efficacy. The findings of various other studies on different insect pests are in accordance with these findings (Kondo & Ishibashi, 1986;Mannion & Jansson, 1993;Shannag et al, 1994;Garcia del Pino & Morton, 2005). The relatively low penetration numbers in comparison to the numbers that have been obtained with other insect hosts can be ascribed to the small size of the adult female P. ficus, which is approximately 4 mm in length and 2 mm in width.…”

Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 84%

The Potential Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Vieux

Malan

2016

SAJEV

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Laboratory bioassays were conducted to establish the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as biocontrol agents of Planococcus ficus (Signoret). Six indigenous and two commercially available nematode species were screened for their efficacy in killing adult female P. ficus. The two indigenous species with the most promising results were Heterorhabditis zealandica and Steinernema yirgalemense, which were responsible for 96% and 65% mortality respectively. Tests were conducted to compare the efficacy of H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae produced in vivo and in vitro. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora showed no significant difference in efficacy between the two production methods, but in vivo-cultured S. feltiae produced a significantly higher mean mortality of 40%, in contrast to a 19% mean mortality with in vitroproduced infective juveniles (IJs). The capability of both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense to complete their life cycles in the host and to produce a new cohort of IJs was demonstrated. Bioassays indicated a concentration-dependent susceptibility of P. ficus to H. zealandica, S. yirgalemense and commercially produced H. bacteriophora, with LC 50 and LC 90 values of 19, 82; 13, 80; and 36, 555 respectively. Both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense were able to move 15 cm vertically downward and infect P. ficus with a respective mortality of 82% and 95%. This study showed P. ficus to be a suitable host for H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense, with both nematode species showing considerable potential for future use in the field control of P. ficus.

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“…Nematode and bacteria overcome the insect immune system and the host insect is killed within 48 hours post infection (Adams and Nguyen,2002) .The bacteria break down the host tissues, and provide food sources for the nematode, which feeds and multiplies on bacterial cells and degrading host tissues. During the process, the bacteria themselves provide a protected niche by producing antibiotics that suppress the competition from other microorganisms (Kondo and Ishibashi, 1986). Due to the different symbiotic bacteria associated with EPN, heterorhabditid nematodes turn the host cadaver red, purple, orange, yellow, brown or sometimes green, whereas steinernematid nematodes turn the insect cadaver tan, ochre, gray or dark gray.…”

Section: IImentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes- A Review

Devi¹

2018

IJEAB

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Infectivity and Propagation of Entomogenous Nematodes, Steinernema spp., on the Common Cutworm, Spodoptera litura : Lepidoptera : Noctuidae

Cited by 29 publications

References 15 publications

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

The Potential Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes- A Review

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