Infective endocarditis in infants and children

Bhat, Abdul Wahid; Jalal, S.; John, Vera

doi:10.1007/bf02845245

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…of MEZJ was moderately effective in keeping the integrity of hepatocytes during damage. The protection offered by the extract may be attributed to antioxidant activity and membrane stabilizing role of flavonoids and saponins respectively, in the fruit extract 28 . However, with the present study it is difficult to predict the reason for reduced efficacy of high dose (1000 mg/kg, p.o.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potency of Methanolic Extract of <I>Zizyphus jujuba</I> Fruit against Carbontetrachloride Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats

Kumar¹,

Asdaq²,

Kumar³

2010

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

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A high percentage of the people living in developing countries use traditional medicines including medicinal herbs to meet their primary health care needs for various ailments including heapatic damage. Traditionally, the fruits of Zizyphus jujube extract have been used in Indian and Chinese system of medicine to strengthen liver function. However, there is no scientific evidence for confirming the efficacy of this herb. Hence, present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of methanolic extract of Zizyphus jujube fruit (MEZJ) on acute (0.5 ml/kg, p.o.) and chronic (0.2 ml/kg, p.o. twice weekly for eight weeks) models of liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) in rats. The MEZJ was administered orally at three different doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg for eight weeks and ten days in chronic and acute models, respectively. The MEZJ (250 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin in serum and increased the same in LTH in the chronic model. In acute liver injury, MEZJ (250 mg/kg, p.o.) and MEZJ (500 mg/kg, p.o.) altered biochemical markers in both serum and LTH indicating hepatoprotective effect. The MEZJ (250 mg/kg, p.o.) also showed significant rise in SOD and catalase activities in both chronic and acute models, while MEZJ (500 mg/kg, p.o.) caused elevation in antioxidant enzyme activities only in the acute model. The histopathological studies supported the biochemical findings. It is concluded that MEZJ possess good hepatoprotective effect at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg orally, whereas, 1000 mg/kg was found to be non-effective in preventing the hepatic damage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potency of Methanolic Extract of <I>Zizyphus jujuba</I> Fruit against Carbontetrachloride Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats

Kumar¹,

Asdaq²,

Kumar³

2010

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

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“…10 As a large majority of patients with complex cyanotic heart disease never survive to childhood, or even infancy, in most of the developing world, these lesions constitute only one-fifth or less of those with endocarditis and congenital cardiac disease. [12][13][14][15][16][17]24,25 Of those with cyanotic diseases, tetralogy of Fallot constitutes three-quarters of the patients in our series. The other two patients with complex cyanotic heart disease had transposition, and had undergone surgical repair in infancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infective endocarditis in patients with congenitally malformed hearts: characterization of the syndrome in a developing country

Siddiqui

Tariq

Jadoon

et al. 2007

CTY

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“…In the case of culture-negative endocarditis, treatment must be geared towards the most likely pathogen and known antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. [10,14] …”

Section: Causative Organismsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The mortality rate associated with paediatric endocarditis has been reported to be between 10 and 20%. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]10] During recent years, the advent of many new antibacterials and the threat of emerging resistant organisms have led to new explorations for the treatment of endocarditis in paediatric patients.…”

Section: Specific Therapy For Paediatric Endocarditismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antibacterials for the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Bacterial Endocarditis in Children

et al. 2001

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Although the overall incidence of infective endocarditis in the paediatric population is considered to be low, over the last 20 years a rising trend in infective endocarditis has been observed among children. This could be due to several reasons including the availability of improved diagnostic techniques, use of continuous central venous catheters and cardiac implants increasing the risk of infection, and the survival of a greater number of infants with congenital heart disease as a result of improved medical management. The predominant causative organisms of paediatric endocarditis include staphylococci and streptococci. There is increased concern surrounding the emergence of endocarditis in children caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and drug resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The treatment approach to paediatric endocarditis is similar to that for adult patients with endocarditis because of similarities in disease pathogenesis and aetiology. The therapeutic goal is to achieve sterilisation of the cardiac vegetations. The choice of antibacterial is dependent upon the susceptibility profile of the causative organism. Vancomycin or gentamicin is recommended for enterococcal endocarditis, according to guidelines from the American Heart Association. For staphylococcal endocarditis in patients with no prosthetic valve, oxacillin or nafcillin with or without gentamicin is the treatment of choice. In the case of endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin is commonly used in patients with no prosthetic valve and a combination of vancomycin, gentamicin and rifampicin (rifampin) for patients with prosthetic material. Cefazolin or ceftriaxone is the treatment of choice for penicillin allergic paediatric patients with endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci. While there have been no major changes in endocarditis therapy for the last decade, the current focus is on the recognition of multiple-drug resistant pathogens and the use of newer agents such as quinupristin/dalfopristin in the treatment of resistant bacterial endocarditis. Prophylactic antibacterial therapy is recommended for procedures thought to be associated with the occurrence of bacteraemia involving organisms commonly associated with endocarditis. These include dental extractions and oral, respiratory tract, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or oesophageal procedures. Prophylactic antibacterials recommended by the American Heart Association during genitourinary and gastrointestinal surgical procedures in high risk patients include ampicillin + gentamicin or vancomycin + gentamicin in high risk patients with penicillin allergy. Ampicillin has been recommended for prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in children undergoing oral, respiratory tract or oesophageal procedures. In the case of penicillin allergy in these patients, cephalosporins, clindamycin, azithromycin or clarithromycin have been recommended. The general consensus is that antibacterial prophylaxis during dental procedure is unnecessary, an...

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Infective endocarditis in infants and children

Cited by 13 publications

References 23 publications

Potency of Methanolic Extract of <I>Zizyphus jujuba</I> Fruit against Carbontetrachloride Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats

Potency of Methanolic Extract of <I>Zizyphus jujuba</I> Fruit against Carbontetrachloride Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats

Infective endocarditis in patients with congenitally malformed hearts: characterization of the syndrome in a developing country

Antibacterials for the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Bacterial Endocarditis in Children

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