Infective endocarditis by Enterobacter cloacae: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Infective Endocarditis by Moraxella Species: A Systematic Review

“…The most commonly infected intracardiac sites were the mitral valve in 58.3% and the aortic valve in 50%. This is in accordance with other studies with IE by non-HACEK Gram-negative bacteria, where the mitral valve was the most commonly infected valve in 31% to 58% of people, followed by the aortic valve in 17% to 33% [ 55 , 61 , 63 ]. In other studies, however, the aortic valve was the most commonly infected valve in 33.3% to 45%, followed by the mitral valve in 26.7% to 40% [ 59 , 60 , 62 ], or the tricuspid valve in 33% [ 57 ].…”

“…The mean age of patients diagnosed with Moraxella spp. IE in this study was 43.4 years, which is within the reported age range of diagnosis of IE by other non-HACEK Gram-negative microorganisms in the literature (40 to 70 years) [ 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. However, the age at diagnosis of IE in general cohorts of IE patients is higher, and is close to 70 years [ 14 , 65 , 66 , 67 ].…”

“…In patients with IE in general, fever was present in 84% and shock was diagnosed in 9% [ 65 , 66 ]. Diagnosis of heart failure was performed in 19.4% of patients with IE by Moraxella spp., which is similar to that in cases of non-HACEK Gram-negative IE that ranged from 8% to 37% [ 55 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ] and lower to the rate noted in IE in general, which was between 33% and 52% [ 65 , 67 ]. Immunologic and embolic phenomena in IE by Moraxella spp.…”

“…However, the age at diagnosis of IE in general cohorts of IE patients is higher, and is close to 70 years [ 14 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. There was a slight male predominance among patients with IE by Moraxella spp., while a male predominance was also noted in IE by other non-HACEK Gram-negative microorganisms and in other cohorts of patients with IE in the general population [ 14 , 15 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 67 ]. A prosthetic valve was present in 25.8% of patients with IE by Moraxella spp., which was a rate similar to the rate noted in other studies of IE by non-HACEK Gram-negative bacteria (14% to 59%) and similar to the rate noted in the cohorts of patients diagnosed with IE in general [ 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ].…”

“…Regarding clinical presentation, the most common symptom was fever, which occurred in 87.1% of patients, while 65.4% of patients developed sepsis and 10% developed septic shock. In other studies with IE by non-HACEK Gram-negative bacteria, fever was present in 90.5% to 100% of patients [ 55 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], and sepsis was noted in 39% to 84.6% [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], while septic shock was noted in 3.4% [ 64 ]. In patients with IE in general, fever was present in 84% and shock was diagnosed in 9% [ 65 , 66 ].…”