Infectious salmon anaemia – pathogenesis and tropism

Aamelfot, Maria; Dale, Ole Bendik; Falk, K. George

doi:10.1111/jfd.12225

Cited by 53 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…HVI produced ‘classical’ ISA disease (Aamelfot et al . ) in the fish, while LVI produced a milder form of ISA disease exemplified by the large difference in cumulative mortalities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…; Rimstad et al . ; Aamelfot, Dale & Falk ). The disease has been diagnosed in North America (Mullins, Groman & Wadowska ; Bouchard et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virulent ISAV displays a systemic distribution in the host (Aamelfot et al . ); however, the basis for the variation in virulence is currently unknown. Virulence is a multifactorial polygenic trait, where several virus properties, including specific receptor binding, virus cell uptake, virus release, interaction with the host immune system and ability to spread to new hosts, may be involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immersion challenge with low and highly virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus reveals different pathogenesis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

McBeath

Aamelfot

Christiansen³

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Diseases

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The salmonid orthomyxovirus infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) causes disease of varying severity in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Field observations suggest that host factors, the environment and differences between ISAV strains attribute to the large variation in disease progression. Variation in host mortality and dissemination of ISAV isolates with high and low virulence (based on a previously published injection challenge) were investigated using immersion challenge. Virus dissemination was determined using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry in several organs, including blood. Surprisingly, the low virulent virus (LVI) replicated and produced nucleoprotein at earlier time points post-infection compared to the virus of high virulence (HVI). This was particularly noticeable in the gills as indicated by different viral load profiles. However, the HVI reached a higher maximum viral load in all tested organs and full blood. This was associated with a higher mortality of 100% as compared to 20% in the LVI group by day 23 post-infection. Immersion challenge represented a more natural infection method and suggested that specific entry routes into the fish may be of key importance between ISAV strains. The results suggest that a difference in virulence is important for variations in virus dissemination and pathogenesis (disease development).

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“…HVI produced ‘classical’ ISA disease (Aamelfot et al . ) in the fish, while LVI produced a milder form of ISA disease exemplified by the large difference in cumulative mortalities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…; Rimstad et al . ; Aamelfot, Dale & Falk ). The disease has been diagnosed in North America (Mullins, Groman & Wadowska ; Bouchard et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Immersion challenge with low and highly virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus reveals different pathogenesis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

McBeath

Aamelfot

Christiansen³

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Diseases

Self Cite

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“…The virus can cause serious disease problems resulting in substantial financial implications for the aquaculture industry. Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) has occurred annually in Norway [1] since its discovery in 1984 [2] and has also been reported in North America [3-5], Scotland [6,7], Faroe Islands [8,9] and Chile [10]. ISAV is enveloped and possesses a genome of 8 negative-sense single-stranded RNA segments, coding for at least 10 proteins, similar to that of influenza virus [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) replicates and initiates the immune response earlier than a highly virulent virus in Atlantic salmon gills

McBeath

Aamelfot

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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Observations from the field and experimental evidence suggest that different strains of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) can induce disease of varying severity in Atlantic salmon. Variation in host mortality and dissemination of ISAV isolates with high and low virulence was investigated using immersion challenge; from which mortality, pathological, immunohistochemical and preliminary molecular results have been previously published. Here, real-time RT-PCR analysis and statistical modelling have been used to further investigate variation in virus load and the response of four select immune genes. Expression of type I and II interferon (IFN), Mx and γIFN induced protein (γIP) to high and low pathogenic virus infection were examined in gill, heart and anterior kidney. In addition, a novel RNA species-specific assay targeting individual RNA types was used to investigate the separate viral processes of transcription and replication. Unexpectedly, the low virulent ISAV (LVI) replicated and transcribed more rapidly in the gills compared to the highly virulent virus (HVI). Subsequently LVI was able to disseminate to the internal organs more quickly and induced a more rapid systemic immune response in the host that may have offered some protection. Contrary to this, HVI initially progressed more slowly in the gills resulting in a slower generalised infection. However HVI ultimately reached a higher viral load and induced a greater mortality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-014-0083-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…After ISA virus (ISAV) has entered the fish using different mucosal surfaces including gill epithelia (Aamelfot et al, 2014), a non-cytolytic virus replication in endothelial cells occurs throughout the body, including gill pillar cells (Aamelfot et al, 2012). After ISA virus (ISAV) has entered the fish using different mucosal surfaces including gill epithelia (Aamelfot et al, 2014), a non-cytolytic virus replication in endothelial cells occurs throughout the body, including gill pillar cells (Aamelfot et al, 2012).…”

Section: Infectious Salmon Anemiamentioning

confidence: 99%