Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Garcı́a, Maricarmen; Spatz, Stephen J.; Guy, James S.

doi:10.1002/9781119421481.ch5

Cited by 43 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…In both our present study and the previous in vivo study of ILTV recombination (18), SPF chickens were used as experimental animals. Future studies to examine ILTV recombination in commercial chickens would be advantageous, as differences in responses to infection have been noted between different breeds and lines of poultry (1). The use of the ILTV SNP genotyping assay to detect recombination following coinoculation of SPF chickens has helped to measure viral diversity over time during the course of acute clinical disease (up to 8 days after coinoculation).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The virus causes major economic losses due to mortality and decreases in weight gain and egg production in poultry industries worldwide (1). Recombination between different strains of ILTV has been recognized as a problem for the poultry industry, particularly because natural recombination between attenuated vaccine strains of ILTV has been shown to generate virulent viruses (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Genetic Diversity of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus duringIn VivoCoinfection Parallels Viral Replication and Arises from Recombination Hot Spots within the Genome

Loncoman

Hartley

Coppo

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Recombination is a feature of many alphaherpesviruses that infect people and animals. Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV; Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1) causes respiratory disease in chickens, resulting in significant production losses in poultry industries worldwide. Natural (field) ILTV recombination is widespread, particularly recombination between attenuated ILTV vaccine strains to create virulent viruses. These virulent recombinants have had a major impact on animal health. Recently, the development of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay for ILTV has helped to understand ILTV recombination in laboratory settings. In this study, we applied this SNP genotyping assay to further examine ILTV recombination in the natural host. Following coinoculation of specific-pathogen-free chickens, we examined the resultant progeny for evidence of viral recombination and characterized the diversity of the recombinants over time. The results showed that ILTV replication and recombination are closely related and that the recombinant viral progeny are most diverse 4 days after coinoculation, which is the peak of viral replication. Further, the locations of recombination breakpoints in a selection of the recombinant progeny, and in field isolates of ILTV from different geographical regions, were examined following full-genome sequencing and used to identify recombination hot spots in the ILTV genome.IMPORTANCE Alphaherpesviruses are common causes of disease in people and animals. Recombination enables genome diversification in many different species of alphaherpesviruses, which can lead to the evolution of higher levels of viral virulence. Using the alphaherpesvirus infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), we performed coinfections in the natural host (chickens) to demonstrate high levels of virus recombination. Higher levels of diversity in the recombinant progeny coincided with the highest levels of virus replication. In the recombinant progeny, and in field isolates, recombination occurred at greater frequency in recombination hot spot regions of the virus genome. Our results suggest that control measures that aim to limit viral replication could offer the potential to limit virus recombination and thus the evolution of virulence. The development and use of vaccines that are focused on limiting virus replication, rather than vaccines that are focused more on limiting clinical disease, may be indicated in order to better control disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus duringIn VivoCoinfection Parallels Viral Replication and Arises from Recombination Hot Spots within the Genome

Loncoman

Hartley

Coppo

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Natural recombination has been described in infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and Marek's disease virus type 1 (MDV-1, also called Gallid herpesvirus-2, GaHV-2) (Hughes and Rivailler, 2007;Lee et al, 2013;Lee et al, 2012) (Table 3). Marek's disease virus induces T cell lymphomas in susceptible birds (Morrow and Fehler, 2004), while ILTV causes upper respiratory tract disease in chickens (Garcia et al, 2013). Both diseases are highly contagious and cause economic losses in poultry industries worldwide.…”

Section: Natural Recombination In Avian Alphaherpesvirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural recombination in alphaherpesviruses: Insights into viral evolution through full genome sequencing and sequence analysis

Loncoman

Vaz

Coppo

et al. 2017

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Recombination in alphaherpesviruses was first described more than sixty years ago. Since then, different techniques have been used to detect recombination in natural (field) and experimental settings. Over the last ten years, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and bioinformatic analyses have greatly increased the accuracy of recombination detection, particularly in field settings, thus contributing greatly to the study of natural alphaherpesvirus recombination in both human and veterinary medicine. Such studies have highlighted the important role that natural recombination plays in the evolution of many alphaherpesviruses. These studies have also shown that recombination can be a safety concern for attenuated alphaherpesvirus vaccines, particularly in veterinary medicine where such vaccines are used extensively, but also potentially in human medicine where attenuated varicella zoster virus vaccines are in use. This review focuses on the contributions that NGS and sequence analysis have made over the last ten years to our understanding of recombination in mammalian and avian alphaherpesviruses, with particular focus on attenuated live vaccine use.

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“…Other important member within the Herpesviridae family is the Anatid herpesvirus 1 that causes Duck enteritis virus or Duck Plague (García et al, 2013).…”

Section: Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poultry and Avian Diseases

Hernández

2014

Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems

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Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Cited by 43 publications

References 152 publications

Genetic Diversity of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus duringIn VivoCoinfection Parallels Viral Replication and Arises from Recombination Hot Spots within the Genome

Genetic Diversity of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus duringIn VivoCoinfection Parallels Viral Replication and Arises from Recombination Hot Spots within the Genome

Natural recombination in alphaherpesviruses: Insights into viral evolution through full genome sequencing and sequence analysis

Poultry and Avian Diseases

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