Infectious keratoconjunctivitis and occurrence of <i>Mycoplasma conjunctivae</i> and Chlamydiaceae in small domestic ruminants from Central Karakoram, Pakistan

Fernández-Aguilar, Xavier; Rossi, Luca; Cabezón, Óscar; Giorgino, Andrea; Llopis, Isis Victoriano; Frey, Joachim; López‐Olvera, Jorge Ramón

doi:10.1136/vr.103948

Cited by 16 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The higher prevalence of M. conjunctivae in younger Iberian ibexes during the IKC outbreak concurs with previous studies that reported higher M. conjunctivae prevalences in yearling ibexes (12) and lambs (39). A specific role of lambs for M. conjunctivae persistence in sheep flocks has also been suggested based on this higher prevalence and milder clinical signs (15,40).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Given that mycoplasma virulence and clinical signs are positively related with transmission in ocular diseases (38), the high M. conjunctivae prevalence detected in 2014 was presumably achieved by chronic persistence in the eyes (15). Altogether, this suggests that M. conjunctivae probably became endemic in the Iberian ibex population with apparently low health implications, as typically reported in domestic sheep flocks (16,39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

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Postepizootic Persistence of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma conjunctivae Infection in Iberian Ibex

Fernández-Aguilar

Cabezón

Granados

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The susceptibility of the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) to Mycoplasma conjunctivae ocular infection and the changes in their interaction over time were studied in terms of clinical outcome, molecular detection, and IgG immune response in a captive population that underwent a severe infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) outbreak. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was detected in the Iberian ibex, coinciding with the IKC outbreak. Its prevalence had a decreasing trend in 2013 that was consistent with the clinical resolution (August, 35.4%; September, 8.7%; November, 4.3%). Infections without clinical outcome were, however, still detected in the last handling in November. Sequencing and cluster analyses of the M. conjunctivae strains found 1 year later in the ibex population confirmed the persistence of the same strain lineage that caused the IKC outbreak but with a high prevalence (75.3%) of mostly asymptomatic infections and with lower DNA load of M. conjunctivae in the eyes (mean quantitative PCR [qPCR] cycle threshold [C T ], 36.1 versus 20.3 in severe IKC). Significant age-related differences of M. conjunctivae prevalence were observed only under IKC epizootic conditions. No substantial effect of systemic IgG on M. conjunctivae DNA in the eye was evidenced with a linear mixed-models selection, which indicated that systemic IgG does not necessarily drive the resolution of M. conjunctivae infection and does not explain the epidemiological changes observed. The results show how both epidemiological scenarios, i.e., severe IKC outbreak and mostly asymptomatic infections, can consecutively occur by entailing mycoplasma persistence.IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma infections are reported in a wide range of epidemiological scenarios that involve severe disease to asymptomatic infections. This study allows a better understanding of the transition between two different Mycoplasma conjunctivae epidemiological scenarios described in wild host populations and highlights the ability of M. conjunctivae to adapt, persist, and establish diverse interactions with its hosts. The proportion of asymptomatic and clinical M. conjunctivae infections in a host population may not be regarded only in response to intrinsic host species traits (i.e., susceptibility) but also to a specific host-pathogen interaction, which in turn influences the infection dynamics. Both epidemic infectious keratoconjunctivitis and a high prevalence of asymptomatic M. conjunctivae infections may occur in the same host population, depending on the circulation of M. conjunctivae, its maintenance, and the progression of the host-pathogen interactions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Postepizootic Persistence of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma conjunctivae Infection in Iberian Ibex

Fernández-Aguilar

Cabezón

Granados

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Stresses such as dusty environmental conditions, transportation stress, bright sunlight and irritants are few predisposing factors for the disease. Besides, flies were found to serve as vectors for Mycoplasma spp Fernandez-Aguilar et al, 2017). Presumptive diagnosis of pinkeye is usually sufficient based on ocular sign and systemic infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical management of stage I pinkeye with concurrent pneumonic pasteurellosis in a goat: A case report

et al. 2017

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Objective: This clinical case reports the occurrence of stage I pinkeye with concurrent pneumonic pasteurellosis in a goat. Materials and methods:A 2-year-old Jamnapari goat weighing 25 Kg was presented to the Universiti Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia with primary complain of eye problem and inappetence. Results: Upon clinical examination, the most prominent abnormality observed was corneal opacity of the right eye with presence of ulceration on the corneal surface and chemosis of the right conjunctiva with excessive lacrimation. On auscultation, there was the presence of crackle lung sounds with bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharges. Samples from the ocular swab yielded a positive growth for Mycoplasma spp., while the nasal swab yielded a positive growth for Mannheimia haemolytica. The goat was diagnosed with stage I pinkeye with concurrent pneumonic pasteurellosis infection. Treatment was instituted with 400 mL of 0.9% NaCl administered intravenously once for rehydration. Flunixin meglumine 2.2 mg/kg bwt was given intramuscularly twice daily for three days as anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Oxytetracycline 20 mg/kg bwt was injected once intramuscularly as long acting broad spectrum antibiotic for treatment of pinkeye and pasteurellosis infections. Furthermore, terramycin eye ointment containing oxytetracycline HCl was also administered intraocularly twice daily for seven days as treatment for the Mycoplasma spp. Conclusion: The prognosis for this case was good as the goat were treated promptly and effectively.

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“…Its detection in most of the sheep flocks sampled reinforce sheep as a proper host for the endemic M . conjunctivae maintenance [23,29]. Specific M .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Domestic Caprinae, i.e. sheep and goats, also undergo spontaneous IKC outbreaks, although in general the health impact is comparatively lower than in their wild counterparts [22,23]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Pyrenees

et al. 2017

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Functional roles of domestic and wild host populations in infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) epidemiology have been extensively discussed claiming a domestic reservoir for the more susceptible wild hosts, however, based on limited data. With the aim to better assess IKC epidemiology in complex host-pathogen alpine systems, the long-term infectious dynamics and molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma conjunctivae was investigated in all host populations from six study areas in the Pyrenees and one in the Cantabrian Mountains (Northern Spain). Detection of M. conjunctivae was performed by qPCR on 3600 eye swabs collected during seven years from hunted wild ungulates and sympatric domestic sheep (n = 1800 animals), and cluster analyses of the strains were performed including previous reported local strains. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was consistently detected in three Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica) populations, as well as in sheep flocks (17.0% of sheep) and occasionally in mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) from the Pyrenees (22.2% in one year/area); statistically associated with ocular clinical signs only in chamois. Chamois populations showed different infection dynamics with low but steady prevalence (4.9%) and significant yearly fluctuations (0.0%– 40.0%). Persistence of specific M. conjunctivae strain clusters in wild host populations is demonstrated for six and nine years. Cross-species transmission between chamois and sheep and chamois and mouflon were also sporadically evidenced. Overall, independent M. conjunctivae sylvatic and domestic cycles occurred at the wildlife-livestock interface in the alpine ecosystems from the Pyrenees with sheep and chamois as the key host species for each cycle, and mouflon as a spill-over host. Host population characteristics and M. conjunctivae strains resulted in different epidemiological scenarios in chamois, ranging from the fading out of the mycoplasma to the epidemic and endemic long-term persistence. These findings highlight the capacity of M. conjunctivae to establish diverse interactions and persist in host populations, also with different transmission conditions.

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Infectious keratoconjunctivitis and occurrence of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and Chlamydiaceae in small domestic ruminants from Central Karakoram, Pakistan

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Postepizootic Persistence of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma conjunctivae Infection in Iberian Ibex

Postepizootic Persistence of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma conjunctivae Infection in Iberian Ibex

Clinical management of stage I pinkeye with concurrent pneumonic pasteurellosis in a goat: A case report

Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Pyrenees

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